James Hogg: Confessions of a Justified Sinner

Andrew Currie: Monument to James Hogg (St. Mary's Loch)

While I was living in Edinburgh in the late 1980s, a friend of mine, Martin Frost, and I were in the habit of driving madly around the countryside of Scotland in his tiny Mini in search of cups of coffee and chocolate cake - perhaps also in a vain attempt to evade the inevitable consequences of continued inattention to our studies ... "An element of pleasure-seeking there," as a cousin of mine, Roddie Macleod, remarked of a neighbouring farmer who'd been in the habit of going into Dundee from time to time to disport himself. If such a thing is possible in Dundee, that is.

On one of these expeditions, we happened upon St. Mary's Loch, and found the statue above, dedicated to the famed Ettrick Shepherd, James Hogg, but memorable mainly for the inscription on its base, the rather extravagant encomium:

He taught the wandering winds to sing

Since then I've discovered that that is the last line of his book-length poem The Queen’s Wake (1813), so perhaps it wasn't quite so vainglorious as I imagined.

James Hogg: The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824 / 1970)

I'm not sure if I'd read his novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner at the time. If not, it must have been shortly afterwards, because I remember that it had an electrifying effect on me. Why had I never heard of this novel before? It was every bit the equal of - possibly even better than - Stevenson's Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and the sheer intensity and strangeness of the writing would be hard to match outside the works of De Quincey or even Edgar Allan Poe.

It does, in fact, bear a certain resemblance to such doppelgänger stories as Poe's "William Wilson" (1839) or Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener" (1853), though of course it long preceded them. The title may owe something to De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater (1821), but they have little else in common.

James Hogg: The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824 / 1947)

In 1947, in his introduction to a new edition of the complete, uncensored text of Hogg's novel, the Nobel prize winner for that year, André Gide, confessed that he had read 'this astounding book ... with a stupefaction and admiration that increased at every page'. So, just as in the case of Poe, it was largely the admiration of the French (Baudelaire and Mallarmé for Poe; Gide for Hogg) that first plucked these great writers from provincial obscurity and brought their work to the attention of readers everywhere.

As you can see in the bibliography below, the pruned and bowdlerised versions of Victorian editors have been succeeded by a complete, textually rigorous edition of James Hogg's Collected Works. Whatever form you read it in, though, The Confessions of a Justified Sinner is every bit as important a text in the Fantastic tradition as Potocki's Manuscript Found in Saragossa (1805-15) or Schiller's Ghost-Seer (1787-1789). Indeed, it rivals Frankenstein itself.

James Hogg: The Works of the Ettrick Shepherd (vol. 1 of 2: 1865)

It was therefore with a great deal of excitement that I came across a copy of The Works of the Ettrick Shepherd in Devonport the other day. Admittedly, it was in an edition "Revised at the Instance of the Author's Family, by the Rev. Thomas Thomson," which hardly inspires one with confidence in its textual integrity, but even this atmosphere of pious disdain for Hogg's "crudities" has its points of interest.

Hogg's reputation had suffered greatly from the caricatured version of him presented, under the name "the Ettrick Shepherd", in Noctes Ambrosianae, a popular series of feigned conversations which appeared in Blackwoods Magazine between 1822 and 1835. The Shepherd, a Scots-spouting buffoon, is generally upstaged by the more urbane "Christopher North" (Professor John Wilson - himself the author of most of the dialogues) and his friends "Timothy Tickler" (Robert Sym) and - occasionally - "The English Opium Eater" (Thomas De Quincey).

Hogg, who had little part in the concoction of most of these pieces, made no public comment on the matter. However (according to Wikipedia, at any rate) "some of his letters to Blackwood and others express outrage and anguish." Certainly this picture of him as "a part-animal, part-rural simpleton, and part-savant" coloured his reputation throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century.

A chance remark by Hogg to Wordsworth describing the two of them as fellow bards was greeted with some disdain by the English poet. His 1835 "Extempore Effusion upon the Death of James Hogg" includes the following stanza:

The mighty Minstrel breathes no longer,
'Mid mouldering ruins low he lies;
And death upon the braes of Yarrow,
Has closed the Shepherd-poet's eyes.

However, the first two of these lines probably refer to Sir Walter Scott. Wordsworth's own notes on the poem say of Hogg: "He was undoubtedly a man of original genius, but of coarse manners and low and offensive opinions."

James Hogg: A Queer Book (2007)

All this patronising nonsense about his having somehow been a genius in spite of himself has hopefully now been laid to rest. Hogg is increasingly seen as a pillar of Scottish literature, in the tradition of Burns, Scott and Stevenson, as well as a profound influence on writers as diverse as George Douglas Brown, Alasdair Gray and Irvine Welsh.

Eden Ashley: Arthur's Seat and Salisbury Crags (Edinburgh) (2022)

For myself, I think that it was partly the fact that I was living right in the middle of the place where his novel is set which lent the book such an extraordinary atmosphere for me. I boarded in a Hall of Residence sited directly below Arthur's Seat, and sat on the edge of Salisbury crags reading Baudelaire on more than one occasion.

The Brocken Spectre (2006)

The scene in Hogg's novel where the narrator sees the approach of an extraordinary apparition (which turns out to be a version of the famous Brocken spectre) was therefore located right on my front doorstep.

Thomas Keith: The Grassmarket, Edinburgh (c.1850)

Nor has the rest of the city changed much since the nineteenth century. There's still the Old Town running down the Royal Mile from the Castle to Holyrood Abbey; the 18th-century New Town, with its Palladian squares and crescents, off to one side of it; and then all the Victorian infill housing shading off to the South. Such landmarks as the Cowgate and the Grassmarket remain pretty much as they were in Hogg's time.

It's strange for someone from the Antipodes to reside in so changeless a place, with the ghosts walking around right in front of you rather than drowned in a sea of new construction. Not restful, exactly, but somehow very satisfying to anyone with a strong sense of tradition.

If you've never read his novel, I envy you your first experience of it. Make sure that you choose the right text, though. The older editions of Hogg are quite unreliable. What you want is one based on the 1824 version - as most of them now fortunately are. It's not a case like Frankenstein where both texts, the 1818 one and Mary Shelley's 1831 revision, have their own points of interest. There's little evidence that Hogg had much - if anything - to do with the posthumous 1837 reprint of his novel, and (as Wikipedia puts it) "the extensive bowdlerization and theological censorship in particular suggest publisher's timidity."

James Hogg: The Works of the Ettrick Shepherd (c.1874)

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Sir John Watson Gordon: James Hogg, The Ettrick Shepherd (1830)

James Hogg
(1770-1835)

Works:


1. The Works of the Ettrick Shepherd: Centenary Edition. Revised at the Instance of the Author's Family, by the Rev. Thomas Thomson. 2 vols. 1865. With Many Illustrative Engravings. London, Edinburgh & Glasgow: Blackie & Son, 1878.
   1. Tales and Sketches
   2. Poems and Ballads: With a Memoir of the Author


2. The Stirling / South Carolina Research Edition of the Collected Works of James Hogg. Series Editors: Ian Duncan & Suzanne Gilbert. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995-2021.
   1. The Mountain Bard. 1807. Ed. Suzanne Gilbert (2007)
   2. The Forest Minstrel. 1810. Ed. P. D. Garside & Richard D. Jackson (2006)
   3. The Spy: A Periodical Paper of Literary Amusement and Instruction. 1810-11. Ed. Gillian Hughes (2000)
   4. The Queen's Wake: A Legendary Poem. 1813. Ed. Douglas S. Mack (2004)
   5. Mador of the Moor. 1816. Ed. James E. Barcus (2005)
   6. The Jacobite Relics of Scotland, Vol. 1: First Series. 1819. Ed. Murray G. H. Pittock (2002)
   7. The Jacobite Relics of Scotland, Vol. 2: Second Series. 1821. Ed. Murray G. H. Pittock (2003)
   8. Winter Evening Tales: Collected Among the Cottagers in the South of Scotland. 1820. Ed. Ian Duncan (2002)
   9. Midsummer Night Dreams and Related Poems. 1822. Ed. J. H. Rubenstein, Gillian Hughes & Meiko O'Halloran (2008)
   10. The Three Perils of Man: or War, Women, and Witchcraft: A Border Romance. 1822. Ed. Judy King and Graham Tulloch (2012)
   11. The Bush aboon Traquair and The Royal Jubilee. 1822. Ed. Douglas S. Mack (2008)
   12. The Three Perils of Woman: or; Love, Leasing, and Jealousy: a series of Domestic Scottish Tales. 1823. Eds David Groves, Antony Hasler, & Douglas S. Mack (1995)
       • The Three Perils of Woman, or Love, Leasing, and Jealousy: a Series of Domestic Scottish Tales. 1823. Ed. David Groves, Antony Hasler, & Douglas S. Mack. The Stirling / South Carolina Research Edition of the Collected Works of James Hogg. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995.
   13. The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner: Written by Himself; With a Detail of Curious Traditionary Facts and Other Evidence by the Editor. 1824. Ed. P. D. Garside (2001)
       • The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Written by Himself: With a Detail of Curious Traditionary Facts and Other Evidence by the Editor. 1824. Ed. P. D. Garside. Afterword by Ian Campbell. Chronology by Gillian Hughes. The Stirling / South Carolina Research Edition of the Collected Works of James Hogg. 2001. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010.
   14. Queen Hynde. 1824. Ed. Suzanne Gilbert & Douglas S. Mack (1998)
   15. The Shepherd's Calendar. 1829. Ed. Douglas S. Mack (1995)
   16. Songs by the Ettrick Shepherd. 1831. Ed. Kirsteen McCue & Janette Currie (2014)
   17. A Queer Book. 1832. Ed. P. D. Garside (1995)
   18. Altrive Tales, Featuring a ‘Memoir of the Author’s Life’. 1832. Ed. Gillian Hughes (2003)
   19. A Series of Lay Sermons: on Good Principles and Good Breeding. 1834. Ed. Gillian Hughes (1997)
   20. Anecdotes of Scott. 1834. Ed. Jill Rubenstein (1999)
   21. Tales of the Wars of Montrose. 1835. Ed. Gillian Hughes (1996)
   22. Highland Journeys. 1802-4. Ed. by H. B. de Groot (2010)
   23. Contributions to Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Vol. 1: 1817–1828. Ed. Thomas C. Richardson (2008)
   24. Contributions to Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Vol. 2: 1829–1835. Ed. Thomas C. Richardson (2012)
   25. Contributions to English, Irish and American Periodicals. Ed. Adrian Hunter & Barbara Leonardi (2020)
   26. Contributions to Scottish Periodicals. Ed. Graham Tulloch & Judy King (2021)
   27. Contributions to Annuals and Gift-Books. Ed. Janette Currie, Gillian Hughes (2006)
   28. Contributions to Musical Collections and Miscellaneous Songs. Ed. Kirsteen McCue (2015)
   29. The Collected Letters of James Hogg, Vol. 1: 1800–1819. Ed. Gillian Hughes (2004)
   30. The Collected Letters of James Hogg, Vol. 2: 1820–1831. Ed. Gillian Hughes (2006)
   31. The Collected Letters of James Hogg, Vol. 3: 1832–1835. Ed. Gillian Hughes (2008)



James Hogg: The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824 / 2006)


Novels:


3. The Three Perils of Man: War, Women and Witchcraft. 1823. Ed. Douglas Gifford. 1972. The Scottish Classics Series, 9. Ed. David S. Robb. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, in association with The Association for Scottish Literary Studies, 1989.


4. The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Written by Himself: With a Detail of Curious Traditionary Facts and Other Evidence by the Editor. 1824. Ed. John Carey. Oxford English Novels. 1969. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.


5. The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, with 'Marion's Jock' and 'John Gray o' Middleholm'. 1824, 1832 & 1820. Ed. Karl Miller. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin, 2006.




Karl Miller: Electric Shepherd (2003)


Secondary:


6. Miller, Karl. Electric Shepherd: A Likeness of James Hogg. London: Faber, 2003.

James Hogg: The Suicide's Grave (1895)

Cancelling Russia? Lev Tolstoy

A. N. Wilson: Putin should read Tolstoy for the ending (4/3/2022)

There's a famous essay by George Orwell where he analyses the fatal hubris behind Tolstoy's denunciation of Shakespeare's King Lear as an absurdly exaggerated piece of stagecraft. The same could be said of Russian President Vladimir Putin's remarks comparing alleged attempts by the West to 'cancel' 1,000 years of Russian culture with the recent backlash against Harry Potter-creater and transgender sceptic J. K. Rowling.

The Last Station (2009)

The irony detected by Orwell was that Tolstoy ended up virtually reenacting the last days of Shakespeare's star-crossed King in his final flight from the mess of his private life - a tragic series of blunders retold in the Hollywood film The Last Station (2009).

A Russian Resemblance (2003)

The curious thing about Putin's choice of an example of (so-called) 'cancel culture' is his apparent obliviousness to the fact that he's been so often mocked for his strong resemblance to Rowling's Dobby the house-elf. Perhaps, however, the comparison all along should have been with Lord Voldemort, given their joint addiction to meaningless destruction and death.

Ralph Fiennes as Voldemort

Mind you, there is possibly a genuine case to be made about the tendency for only-too-justified outrage against distant injustice to translate into a rather more petty backlash at home.

Boycott French Products (1985)

In New Zealand, for example, our collective indignation against the French government's cynical bombing of the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour in 1985 gave strong impetus to a boycott of French products proposed by the anti-nuclear lobby. And that, to my mind, was quite fair enough.

However, when the French authorities decided to release convicted spies and saboteurs Dominique Prieur and Alain Mafart, who'd been extradited on the understanding that they would continue to serve out their sentences for manslaughter, our local rage morphed into a refusal to accept the use of the term 'French sticks' in bakeries, and even attempts to threaten and intimidate anyone who taught French.

My ex-wife was then, in the early nineties, responsible for an educational TV programme designed to facilitate the learning of French (among other languages), and I remember that she and many of her colleagues received abusive phonecalls and letters demanding that it be shut down immediately.

I suppose that such reactions seem less surprising now, given the growth of social media as the perfect platform for random abuse. Even at the time, though, it did seem to me to represent a certain confusion of cause and effect. But you can't really argue with angry zealots.

Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852)

Nikolai Gogol is among the very greatest of Russian writers. He was also a proud Ukrainian, most of whose early fiction gently satirises village life in his native region. No-one has ever questioned this fact, and - until now - I don't think it was generally thought of representing any kind of 'double life.'

Now, however, such icons of Russian culture occupy an increasingly contested ideological space. On the one hand, there's the bizarre attempt of alleged 'student of history' Vladimir Putin to deny the very existence of an independent Ukraine.

On the other hand, there are efforts by well-meaning outsiders to co-opt as many artists and writers as possible onto lists of Ukrainian heroes. Gogol undoubtedly spoke Ukrainian, but he wrote in Russian. Nevertheless, given the subject-matter of so much of his work, he does seem to me a very appropriate addition to the roll-call of Ukrainian writers. After all, the majority of Scottish writers over the years have published in English, even those fluent in Gaelic or Scots. They're no less Scottish for that.

Mikhail Bulgakov (1891-1940)

But what of that magnificent genius Mikhail Bulgakov, one of the greatest Russian writers of the twentieth century? He was born in Kiev, which is the setting for his first novel The White Guard. In its dramatised form, as 'The Days of the Turbins', this play was (allegedly) seen fifteen times by Stalin, a fact which undoubtedly saved Bulgakov's life later on, at the height of the purges.

Does that make him a 'Ukrainian writer'? His parents were Russian, he wrote in Russian, and there's no record of his even knowing Ukrainian. It would certainly make for an interesting thesis topic to focus on this aspect of his work, but not if it continues to distract us from the real point at issue.

Mikhail Bulgakov: The White Guard (1925)

The most important point, it seems to me, is that the grand tradition of Russian literature - from Pushkin's 'Bronze Horseman' to Pasternak's Dr. Zhivago - has always been against such monstrous tyrants as Putin, whether they take the form of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, or Stalin himself. It's quite right for Ukrainians to proclaim and celebrate their proud artistic heritage, but it's not really for even expert outsiders to intervene in such debates, let alone the rest of us amateurs and dilettantes.

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1925)

Which brings me back to the ostensible subject of this post, the great Russian writer Count Lev (or 'Leo') Tolstoy. True, he had his blindspots. He was, in fact, one of the most divided and contradictory characters who ever lived - hence the complexities of his partial self-portrait as Pierre Bezukhov in War and Peace.

He was a nobleman who preached poverty, a libertine who recommended chastity, a drunkard and glutton who promoted vegetarianism. He was a futile administrator and poor businessman who wrote in a style so luminously straightforward that it's hard to know who to compare it to except Homer. War and Peace is, in fact, a kind of Russian Iliad - and, like Homer, he followed it up with a possibly even greater masterwork, Anna Karenina.

Charles M. Schulz: Peanuts

Which is where most people tend to stop. That is, if they ever get started in the first place. There's a myth that War and Peace is one of those celebrated but unreadable books which tend to stay on the shelf with the pages untouched despite their admitted importance to world culture. You know the ones: Das Kapital, The Origin of Species, The Interpretation of Dreams, Ulysses, Moby Dick, Don Quixote ... even (dare one say it?) The Bible?

It's a shame, really, because Tolstoy is both a fantastic writer and a very readable one. Probably the best place to start is with his novellas and short stories, though: The Cossacks, Hadji Murad, the Sevastopol Tales. War and Peace makes far more sense as the culmination of all those strands of Tolstoyan obsessiveness than as a stand-alone masterpiece.

The truth of the matter, of course, is that it's Putin and his ilk who would like you to stop reading Tolstoy, Gogol and Bulgakov, not those infamous 'critics' so reputedly keen to cancel everything that moves. Anyone who could read these great Russian writers and see them as militarists would have to be severely deluded. For such an aggressive, expansionist empire, it's extraordinary how courageous and direct Russian literature has been in its analysis of the roots of violence.

So the one tiny kernel of truth in Putin's mountain of lies is this: don't give up on Russian culture just yet. Tolstoy's views on human brotherhood and resistance to evil may have seemed extraordinarily naive to most of his more worldly contemporaries but, strangely enough, it's his works on the subject which still seem worth reading more than a century on.

A-Z Quotes: Mahatma Gandhi

It's hard to imagine Gandhi without the teachings of Tolstoy. And without the example of Gandhi, there would have been no Martin Luther King.

That's not to say that non-violence is a technique that works readily against dictators, but don't be too eager to dismiss it. In the long run, one could argue, when it comes to the need to live alongside your enemies, it's perhaps the only approach that might even conceivably work. In other words, it's better to be thankful for the entangled arguments of idealists such as Tolstoy than to assume automatically that you know better.

Lev Tolstoy was that rarest and bravest of thinkers, the one who isn't afraid to look like a fool. His literary genius continues to speak for itself.

Christopher Plummer as Tolstoy (The Last Station, 2009)

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Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky: L. N. Tolstoy (1908)

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
[Leo Tolstoy]
(1828-1910)

[books owned by me are marked in bold:]

Leo Tolstóy: Works: Centenary Edition (1928-37)


Collected Works:


1. Centenary Edition of the Works of Tolstóy. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 21 vols. London: Published for the Tolstóy Society by Oxford University Press (1928-37):
   1. Aylmer Maude. The Life of Tolstóy: the First Fifty Years. In Lieu of an Introduction by George Bernard Shaw
   2. Aylmer Maude. The life of Tolstóy: Later Years. Introduction by Professor G. R. Noyes
      • Maude, Aylmer. The Life of Tolstóy. 1908-10. Centenary Edition I-II. 1928-37. The World’s Classics, 383. 1930. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1953.
   3. Childhood, Boyhood and Youth. Introduction by William Lyon Phelps
      • Childhood, Boyhood and Youth. 1852, 1854 & 1857. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition III. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 352. London: Humphrey Milford / Oxford University Press, 1930.
   4. Tales of Army Life. Introduction by Shane Leslie
      • Tales of Army Life. 1852-89. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1916. Centenary Edition IV. 1928-37. Editor's Note by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 208. 1935. London: Geoffrey Cumberlege / Oxford University Press, 1946.
   5. Nine Stories: 1855-63. Introductions by Robert Hichens & Rebecca West
      • Nine Stories: 1855-63. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1934. Centenary Edition V. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 420. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.
   6. War and Peace I. Introduction by Hugh Walpole
   7. War and Peace II
   8. War and Peace III
      • War and Peace. 1869. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1922-1923. Centenary Edition VI-VIII. 1928-37. Illustrated by Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur. 3 vols. London: Heron Books / J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., n.d.
   9. Anna Karénina I. Introduction by the Hon. Brand Whitlock
   10. Anna Karénina II
       • Anna Karenina. 1877. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1918. Centenary Edition IX-X. 1928-37. Introduction by John Bayley. The World’s Classics, 210. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
   11. A Confession and The Gospel in Brief. Introduction by the Hon. Mrs. Alfred Lyttelton
       • A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe. 1879, 1881, 1884. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1921. Centenary Edition XI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 229. 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
   12. On Life and Essays on Religion. Introduction by Lady Sybil Smith
       • On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
   13. Twenty-Three Tales. Introduction by Madeline Mason-Manheim
       • Twenty-Three Tales. 1872-1906. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. Preface by Aylmer Maude. 1906. Centenary Edition XIII. 1928-37. The World’s Classics, 72. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1947.
   14. What Then Must We Do?. Introduction by Jane Addams
       • What Then Must We Do? 1886. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1925. Centenary Edition XIV. 1928-37. Editor's Note by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 281. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1950.
   15. Iván Ilých and Hadji Murád. Introductions by Stephen Graham & Prince D. Mirsky
       • Iván Ilých and Hadji Murád. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XV. 1928-37. Editor's Note by Aylmer Maude. Introductions by Stephen Graham & Prince D. Mirsky. For the Tolstóy Society. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1934.
       • Iván Ilých and Hadji Murád and Other Stories. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XV. 1928-37. Preface by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 432. 1937. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.
   16. The Devil and Cognate Tales. Introduction by St. John Ervine
       • The Kreutzer Sonata, The Devil and Other Tales. 1859-1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1924. Centenary Edition XVI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 266. Rev. ed., with 'Family Happiness,' trans. J. D. Duff. 1940. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.
   17. Plays. Introduction by Harley Granville-Baker
       • Plays: Complete Edition Including the Posthumous Plays. 1886, 1889, 1910. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1923. Centenary Edition XVII. 1928-37. Preface by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 243. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.
   18. What is Art? and Essays on Art. Introduction by Aylmer Maude
       • What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
   19. Resurrection. Introduction by H. G. Wells
       • Resurrection: A Novel. 1899. Trans. Louise Maude. 1916. Centenary Edition XIX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 209. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1926.
   20. The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Introduction by Gilbert Murray
       • The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Introduction by Gilbert Murray. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. For the Tolstóy Society. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1935.
       • The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
   21. Recollections and Essays. Introduction by Hamlin Garland
       • Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.



Lev Tolstóy: Война и Мирь (1869)


Novels:


2. War and Peace [Война и мир] (1869)
   • Война и Мир. 2 vols. Illustrated by V. A. Serova. Москва и Ленинград: Государственное Издательство Художественной Литературий, 1960.
   • War and Peace. 1869. Trans. Constance Garnett. 1904. Illustrated by John Groth. London: The Reprint Society Ltd., 1960.
   • War and Peace. 1869. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1922-1923. Illustrated by Vassily Verestchagin & Fritz Eichenberg. New York: The Heritage Press, 1938.
   • War and Peace. 1869. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1957. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983.
   • War and Peace: Original Version. 1865-66. Ed. Evelina E. Zaidenshnur. 1983. Ed. Jenefer Coates. Trans. Andrew Bromfield. Introduction by Nikolai Tolstoy. London: Harper Perennial, 2007.
3. Anna Karenina [Анна Каренина] (1877)
   • Анна Каренина. Киев: Издателъство художественной литературы «Днипро», 1978.
   • Anna Karenin: A Novel. 1877. Trans. Constance Garnett. 1901. London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1948.
   • Anna Karenina. 1873-1877. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1918. Afterword by Ned Halley. Collector's Library. London: CRW Publishing Limited, 2010.
   • Anna Karenin. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1954. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978.
4. Resurrection [Воскресение] (1899)
   • Resurrection: A Novel. 1899. Trans. Louise Maude. Ed. L. Kolesnikov. Illustrated by O. Pasternak. Classics of Russian Literature. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. [c.1955]
   • Resurrection. 1899. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1966. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976.



Lev Tolstoi: Resurrection (1955)


Unfinished Novels:


5. The Decembrists [Декабристы] (1863)
6. Prince Fyodor Shchetinin [Федор Щетинин] (1936)



Lev Tolstoi: Childhood, Boyhood, Youth (c.1955)


Novellas & Longer Stories:


7. Autobiographical Trilogy [Детство / Отрочество / Юность] (1852-56)
   • Childhood, Boyhood, Youth. 1852, 1854 & 1857. Ed. D. Bitsi. Classics of Russian Literature. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.
   • Childhood, Boyhood, Youth. 1852, 1854, 1856. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1964. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. [PC2]
8. Sevastopol Sketches [Севастопольские рассказы] (1855–1856)
   • Севастопольские Рассказы. Ленинград: «Художественная литературa», 1976.
   • Sebastopol. 1855-56. Ed. Ivan Lepinski. London & Glasgow: Collins Clear-Type Press, n.d. [c.1932].
9. Family Happiness [Семейное счастье] (1859)
   • Included in: The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. 1863, 1887, 1859. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1960. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
10. The Cossacks [Казаки] (1863)
    • Included in: The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. 1863, 1887, 1859. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1960. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
11. The Death of Ivan Ilyich [Смерть Ивана Ильича] (1886)
    • Included in: The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. 1863, 1887, 1859. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1960. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
    • The Death of Ivan Ilyich. 1887. Trans. Lynn Solotaroff. A Bantam Classic. New York: Bantam Books, Inc., 1981.
12. The Kreutzer Sonata [Крейцерова соната] (1889)
    • The Kreutzer Sonata. 1889. Trans. Ivan Lepinski. Introduction by C. Ranger Gull. London & Glasgow: Collins Clear-Type Press, n.d.
13. Hadji Murat [Хаджи-Мурат] (1912/1917)
    • Hadji Murat. 1912. Trans. Hugh Aplin. Foreword by Colm Tóibín. 2003. Hesperus Classics. London: Hesperus Press Limited, 2006.



Leo Tolstoy: Tales of Courage and Conflict (1958)


Short Story Collections:


14. Tales. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude & Constance Garnett (1947) [FS1]
    • Tales. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude ('The Raid' & "Two Old Men'), & Constance Garnett ('Two Hussars', 'Three Deaths', 'Polikushka' & 'The Death of Ivan Ilyitch'). Illustrations by Elizabeth MacFadyen. London: The Folio Society, 1947.
15. Tales of Courage and Conflict. Trans. Nathan Haskell Dole & Isabel F. Hapgood (1958) [CC]
    • Tales of Courage and Conflict. 1852, 1854 & 1857. Trans. Nathan Haskell Dole & Isabel F. Hapgood. Ed. Charles Neider. 1958. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1985.
16. Fables, Tales & Stories / A Captive in the Caucasus. 1872. Ed. E. Vladimirksy & V. Zaitsev. Mosocow: Progress Publishers, 1973.
17. Short Stories. Trans. Margaret Wettlin (Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. [c.1960]) [FL]
    • Short Stories. Trans. Margaret Wettlin. Illustrated by V. Basov. Classics of Russian Literature. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.
18. The Short Stories of Leo Tolstoy. Trans. Arthur Mendel & Barbara Makanowitzky (1960) [BB]
    • The Short Stories of Leo Tolstoy. Trans. Arthur Mendel & Barbara Makanowitzky. Introduction by Alexandra Tolstoy. A Bantam Classic. New York: Bantam Books, Inc., 1960.
19. The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds (1960) [PC1]
    • The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. 1863, 1887, 1859. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1960. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
20. Master and Man / Father Sergius / Hadji Murat. Trans. Paul Foote (1977) [PC3]
    • Master and Man / Father Sergius / Hadji Murat. 1895, 1898, 1912. Trans. Paul Foote. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977.
21. Collected Shorter Fiction. 2 vols (2001) [EL]
    • Collected Shorter Fiction. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude & Nigel J. Cooper. Introduction by John Bayley. 2 vols. Everyman's Library, 243. A Borzoi Book. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.
22. The Collected Stories. 3 vols (2007) [FS2]
    • The Collected Stories. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude with J. D. Duff, Sam A. Carmack & David McDuff. Introduction by John Sutherland. Illustrated by Roman Pisarev. 3 vols. London: The Folio Society, 2007.



Leo Tolstoy: Collected Short Stories (2007)


Stories & Fables:

[BB = Tales of Courage and Conflict (1958);
CC = The Short Stories: Bantam Books (1960);
EL = Collected Shorter Fiction: Everyman's Library (2001);
FL = Short Stories: Foreign Languages Publishing House (c.1960);
FS1 = Tales: Folio Society (1947);
FS2 = The Collected Stories: Folio Society (2007);
PC1 = The Cossacks: Penguin Classics (1960);
PC2 = Childhood, Boyhood, Youth: Penguin Classics (1964);
PC3 = Master and Man: Penguin Classics (1977)]


1. A History of Yesterday [История вчерашнего дня] (1851) [EL]
2. The Raid [Набег] (1852) [FS1 / CC / BB / EL / FS2]
3. Childhood [Детство] (1852) [PC2]
4. A Christmas Night [Святочная ночь] (1853 / 1928) [EL]
5. Boyhood [Отрочество] (1854) [PC2]
6. [Untranslated] Как умирают русские солдаты (1854 / 1928)
7. The Cutting of the Forest (1855) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
8. A Billiard-marker's Notes [Записки маркера] (1855) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
9. Sevastopol in December 1854 [Севастопольские рассказы] (1855) [CC / EL / FS2]
10. Sevastopol in May 1855 [Севастопольские рассказы] (1855) [CC / EL / FS2]
11. Sevastopol in August 1855 [Севастопольские рассказы] (1856) [CC / EL / FS2]
12. Youth [Юность] (1856) [PC2]
13. An Old Acquaintance (1856 / 1887) [CC / EL / FS2]
14. The Snowstorm [Метель] (1856) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
15. Two Hussars [Два гусара] (1856) [FS1 / FL / EL / FS2]
16. A Landlord's Morning [Утро помещика] (1856) [EL / FS2]
17. [Untranslated] Разжалованный (1856)
18. Lucerne [Люцерн] (1857) [CC / EL / FS2]
19. Albert [Альберт] (1858) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
20. Family Happiness [Семейное счастье] (1859) [FL / PC1 / EL / FS2]
21. Three Deaths [Три смерти] (1859) [FS1 / CC / BB / EL / FS2]
22. [Untranslated] Отрывки рассказов из деревенской жизни (1860—1862 / 1932)
23. Kholstomer / Strider: The Story of a Horse [Холстомер] (1861-86) [CC / FL / BB / EL / FS2]
24. [Untranslated] Идиллия (1861-62 / 1911)
25. The Cossacks [Казаки] (1863) [PC1]
26. [letter] The Porcelain Doll (1863) [EL / FS2]
27. Polikúshka [Поликушка] (1862) [FS1 / EL / FS2]
28. God Sees the Truth, But Waits [Бог правду видит, да не скоро скажет] (1872) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
29. A Prisoner in the Caucasus [Кавказский пленник] (1872) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
30. The Bear Hunt (1872) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
31. The Two Horses [Две лошади] (1880)
32. [Untranslated] Прыжок (1880)
33. [Untranslated] Рассказ Аэронавта (1880)
34. What Men Live By [Чем люди живы] (1881) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
35. Memoirs of a Madman (1884) [EL / FS2]
36. Ilyás [Ильяс] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
37. Where Love Is, God Is [Где любовь, там и бог] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
38. Evil Allures, But Good Endures [Вражье лепко, а божье крепко] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
39. Little Girls Wiser than Men [Девчонки умнее стариков] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
40. A Spark Neglected Burns the House [Упустишь огонь, не потушишь] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
41. Two Old Men [Два старика] (1885) [FS1 / CC / BB / EL / FS2]
42. The Tale of Ivan the Fool [Сказка об дураке] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
43. The Two Brothers and the Gold [Два брата и золото] (1885 / 1886) [CC]
44. The Death of Ivan Ilyich [Смерть Ивана Ильича] (1886) [FS1 / CC / FL / PC1 / EL / FS2]
45. Croesus and Fate (1886)
46. The Candle [Свечка] (1886) [CC]
47. The Three Hermits [Три Старца] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
48. How the Little Devil Earned a Crust [Как чертёнок краюшку выкупал] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
49. The Repentant Sinner [Кающийся грешник] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
50. A Grain as Big As a Hen's Egg [Зерно с куриное яйцо] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
51. How Much Land Does a Man Need? [Много ли человеку земли нужно] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
52. The Godson [Крестник] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
53. Three Sons [Три сына] (1887 / 1889)
54. Stories of My Dogs (1888)
55. The Kreutzer Sonata [Крейцерова соната] (1889) [CC / FL / EL / FS2]
56. The Devil [Дьявол] (1889) [BB / EL / FS2]
57. A Lost Opportunity (1889)
58. Father Sergius [Отец Сергий] (1890-98) [BB / PC3 / EL / FS2]
59. Emilyan and the Empty Drum [Работник Емельян и пустой барабан] (1891) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
60. [after Guy de Maupassant] Françoise [Франсуаза] (1891) [EL / FS2]
61. [Untranslated] Кто прав? (1891—1893 / 1911)
62. A Dialogue Among Clever People (1892) [CC / EL / FS2]
63. Walk in the Light While There is Light (1893) [CC / EL / FS2]
64. [after Bernardin de Saint-Pierre] The Coffee-House of Surat [Суратская кофейная] (1893) [BB / EL / FS2]
65. Karma [Карма] (1894)
66. The Young Tsar [Сон молодого царя] (1894 / 1912)
67. Master and Man [Хозяин и работник] (1895) [PC3 / EL / FS2]
68. Three Parables [Три притчи] (1895)
69. Hadji Murat [Хаджи-Мурат] (1896-1904) [PC3 / EL / FS2]
70. Too Dear! [Дорого стоит] (1897) [BB / EL / FS2]
71. Khodynka: An Incident of the Coronation of Nicholas II [Ходынка] (1898 / 1912)
72. [Untranslated] Две различные версии истории улья с лубочной крышкой (1900 / 1912)
73. The Restoration of Hell [Разрушение ада и восстановление его] (1902 / 1903)
74. Esarhaddon, King of Assyria [Ассирийский царь Асархадон] (1903) [BB / EL / FS2]
75. Work, Death, and Sickness (1903) [BB / EL / FS2]
76. Three Questions [Три вопроса] (1903) [BB / EL / FS2]
77. After the Ball [После бала] (1903) [FL / BB / EL / FS2]
78. The Forged Coupon [Фальшивый купон] (1904) [EL / FS2]
79. The Berries (1905) [BB]
80. Alyosha the Pot [Алёша Горшок] (1905) [BB / EL / FS2]
81. Poor People [Бедные люди] (1905)
82. Fëdor Kuzmich [Посмертные записки старца Федора Кузьмича] (1905 / 1912) [EL / FS2]
83. Divine and Human [Божеское и человеческое] (1906)
84. Why? [За что?] (1906) [BB / EL / FS2]
85. [Untranslated] Корней Васильев (1906)
86. [Untranslated] Ягоды (1906)
87. [Untranslated] Отец Василий (1906 / 1911)
88. [Untranslated] Сила детства (1908 / 1912)
89. [Untranslated] Волк (1908 / 1909)
90. There Are No Guilty People (1909)
91. Singing In The Village [Песни на деревне] (1909 / 1910)
92. A Talk With A Wayfarer [Разговор с прохожим] (1909 / 1910)
93. Traveller and Peasant [Проезжий и крестьянин] (1909 / 1917)
94. [Untranslated] Благодарная почва (1910)
95. Three Days in the Village [Три дня в деревне] (1910)
96. My Dream [Что я видел во сне] (1911) [BB]



Leo Tolstoy: Plays (1910)


Plays:


1. A Family of Gentlefolk
2. A Practical Man
3. An Uncle's Blessing
4. Free Love
5. An Infected Family
6. The Nihilist
7. Dramatization of the Legend about Aggeus
8. The First Distiller (1886)
9. The Power of Darkness [Власть тьмы] (1886)
10. The Fruits of Enlightenment [Плоды просвещения] (1891)
11. Peter the Breadman
12. The Light Shines in Darkness (1890)
13. The Live Corpse [Живой труп] (1900)
14. The Wisdom of Children
15. The Traveler and the Peasant
16. The Cause of It All (1910)


23. Plays: Complete Edition Including the Posthumous Plays. 1886, 1889, 1910. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1923. Centenary Edition XVII. 1928-37. Preface by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 243. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.
    1. The Power of Darkness [Власть тьмы] (1886)
    2. The First Distiller (1886)
    3. The Light Shines in Darkness (1890)
    4. The Fruits of Enlightenment [Плоды просвещения] (1891)
    5. The Live Corpse [Живой труп] (1900)
    6. The Cause of It All (1910)
24. Tolstoy: Plays. 3 vols. Trans. Marvin Kantor & Tatiana Tulchinsky. Introduction by Andrew Baruch Wachtel. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1994-98.
    1. Volume I: 1856-1886 (1994)
    2. Volume II: 1886-1889 (1996)
    3. Volume III, 1894-1910 (1998)



Leo Tolstoy: Essays and Letters (1904)


Non-fiction:


1. Schoolboys and Art (1861)
   • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
2. Yasnaya Polyana: A Journal of Education 1861–1862)
   • Included in: Pinch, Alan, & Michael Armstrong, ed. Tolstoy on Education: Tolstoy’s Educational Writings, 1861-62. Trans. Alan Pinch. London: The Athlone Press, 1982.
3. A Primer (1872)
4. On Popular Instruction (1874)
5. A New Primer (1875)
6. A Confession (1879)
   • Included in: A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe. 1879, 1881, 1884. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1921. Centenary Edition XI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 229. 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
7. A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology (1880)
8. The Gospel in Brief, or A Short Exposition of the Gospel (1881)
   • Included in: A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe. 1879, 1881, 1884. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1921. Centenary Edition XI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 229. 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
9. Church and State (1886)
10. What I Believe [aka My Religion] (1884)
    • Included in: A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe. 1879, 1881, 1884. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1921. Centenary Edition XI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 229. 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
11. What Then Must We Do? [aka What Is to Be Done?] (1886)
    • What Then Must We Do? 1886. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1925. Centenary Edition XIV. 1928-37. Editor's Note by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 281. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1950.
12. On Truth in Art (1887)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
13. On Life (1887)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
14. 'Industry and Idleness': In Timofei Bondarev's The Triumph of the Farmer (1888)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
15. Why Do Men Intoxicate Themselves? (1890)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
16. Afterword to The Kreutzer Sonata (1890)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
17. The First Step (1892)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
18. The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1893)
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
19. Non-Acting (1893)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
20. An Afterword to Famine Articles (1893)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
21. Introduction to Amiel's Journal (1893)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
22. Introduction to S. T. Semenov's Peasant Stories (1894)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
23. Introduction to The Works of Guy de Maupassant (1894)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
24. Religion and Morality (1894)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
25. Reason and Religion (1894)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
26. Christianity and Patriotism (1894)
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
27. Shame! (1895)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
28. Letters to Peter Verigin (1895-96)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
29. On Art (1895-97)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
30. How to Read the Gospels (1896)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
31. Meaningless aspirations [Бессмысленные мечтания] (1895)
32. A Letter to Russian Liberals (1896)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
33. Non-Resistance: letter to Ernest H. Crosby (1896)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
34. The Deception of the Church (1896)
35. Preface to 'The Christian Teaching' (1896)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
36. Timothy Bondaref (1897)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
37. Letters on Henry George (1897)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
38. What Is Art? (1898)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
    • What is Art? 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Introduction by Vincent Tomas. The Library of Liberal Arts. Ed. Oskar Fiest. 1960. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing, 1981.
39. Modern Science (1898)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
40. Christian Teaching (1898)
41. An Introduction to Ruskin's Works (1899)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
42. Letter to a Non-Commissioned Officer (1899)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
43. Patriotism and Government (1900)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
44. Thou Shalt Not Kill (1900)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
45. On Suicide (1900)
46. The Slavery of Our Times (1900)
47. To the Tsar and His Assistants (1901)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
48. A Reply to the Synod's Edict of Excommunication (1901)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
49. The Only Way (1901)
50. On Religious Toleration (1901)
51. On the Sexual Question [О половом вопросе]. Ed. Vladimir Chertkov (1901)
52. What is Religion? (1902)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
53. Letter on Education (1902)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
54. An Appeal to the Clergy (1902)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
55. Preface to Von Polenz's Der Buttnerbauer (1902)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
56. Recollections (1902-08)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
57. The Restoration of Hell (1903)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
58. Thoughts Selected from Private Letters (1903)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
59. The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
60. Bethink Yourselves! (1904)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
61. Church and State (1904)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
62. A Calendar of Wisdom [Путь Жизни] (1904)
    • A Calendar of Wisdom: Wise Thoughts for Every Day. 1904. Rev. ed. 1907. Trans. Peter Sekirin. 1997. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1998.
63. Introduction to a Biography of William Lloyd Garrison (1904)
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
64. The Only Need (1905)
65. A Great Iniquity (1905)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
66. Afterword to Chekhov's Darling (1893)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
67. Shakespeare and the Drama (1906)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
68. What's To Be Done? (1906)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
69. Do Not Kill (1906)
70. Love Each Other (1906)
71. An Appeal to Youth (1907)
72. I cannot be silent [Не могу молчать] (1908)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
73. The Law of Love and the Law of Violence (1908)
74. A Letter to a Hindu (1908)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
75. The Teaching of Jesus (1909)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
76. Address to the Swedish Peace Congress (1909)
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
77. The Inevitable Revolution (1909)
78. The Only Command (1909)
79. Gandhi Letters (1910)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
80. Letter to a Japanese (1910)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
81. The Wisdom of Children (1910)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.



R. F. Christian, ed.: Tolstoy's Letters (1978)


Letters:


25. Tolstoy's Letters. Ed. R. F. Christian. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978.
    1. 1828-1879
    2. 1880-1910



Henri Troyat: Tolstoy (1965)


Secondary:


26. Gifford, Henry, ed. Leo Tolstoy: A Critical Anthology. Penguin Critical Anthologies. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971.
27. Pinch, Alan, & Michael Armstrong, ed. Tolstoy on Education: Tolstoy’s Educational Writings, 1861-62. Trans. Alan Pinch. London: The Athlone Press, 1982.
28. Porter, Cathy, trans. The Diaries of Sofia Tolstaya. Ed. O. A. Gollinenko, S. A Rozanova, B. M. Shumova, I. A. Pokrovskaya, & N. I. Azarova. 1978. Introduction by Professor R. F. Christian. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1985.
29. Simmons, Ernest J. Leo Tolstoy. 1945. Vintage Russian Library. 2 vols. New York: Vintage, 1960.
    1. The Years of Development, 1828-1879
    2. The Years of Maturity, 1880-1910
30. Troyat, Henri. Tolstoy. 1965. Trans. Nancy Amphoux. 1967. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980.
31. Wettlin, Margaret, trans. Reminiscences of Lev Tolstoi by His Contemporaries. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. [c.1960]

Margaret Wettlin:: Reminiscences of Lev Tolstoi (1960)


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