Showing posts with label China. Show all posts
Showing posts with label China. Show all posts

Sunday, June 14, 2026

20th Anniversary - China



I first discovered the blogosphere back in the early 2000s, thanks to a talk by one of my Academic colleagues, poet and political scientist A/Prof Grant Duncan.

I’d been planning for quite a while to transfer - or at least record - at least some of my literary activities onto the internet, but had really only thought of setting up a personal website, like so many other writers back then.

In pursuit of this aim, I’d taken a couple of short courses in web design, and had concluded that there was more to it than met the eye. In particular, I discovered that you could invest a lot of time and money in something which might easily turn out not to suit your needs at all if you weren’t careful.

In particular, I wasn’t keen on paying some expert to set up a site which I was unable to update myself on a regular basis.

Grant spoke of his various experiments with blogs: how flexible they could be – and, in particular, how easy to edit. He’d found them valuable both for posting his own work, and - since one could limit the audience, or even make them completely private - had seen how easily they could be adapted for graduate students to share work with their supervisor/s.


André Malraux: Le Musée imaginaire. Psychologie de l’art, I (1947)


Free – flexible – easy to edit … all that was music to my ears. I asked him a few questions after the talk, and had another, longer chat with him about it later. The result, a few weeks later, was my very first blog - this one - The Imaginary Museum (14/6/2006- ). It was named after a novel I'd just published, The Imaginary Museum of Atlantis (Titus Books, 2006), parts of which were set out in a kind of proto-hypertext.

Eventually I ended up adapting what had started off as a poetry blog into one concerned almost exclusively with my twin hobbies of bibliography and book-collecting. There was a further site devoted to a catalogue of my book collection, and another one that chronicled my own publications and other activities.

As well as that, I started to build individual websites for each of the writing courses I was teaching at Massey University, along with companion sites where I could anthologise work from the students in those courses (with their permission, of course).

And so it's gone on to this day, some twenty years later.

In the process I became pretty familiar with basic html code, and was thus able to reproduce reasonably complex texts when I needed to. For the most part, though, it remains a way of commenting on and recording things in an easy and accessible way.

This, then, is the fourth five-yearly report I've published about the progress of this experiment in online publishing. Each time I've highlighted five major web projects undertaken in the years in between.
  1. [14/6/2021]: Fifteenth Anniversary (Crystal)
  2. [14/6/2016]: Tenth Anniversary (Tin)
  3. [15/6/2011]: Fifth Anniversary (Wood)
Here's the latest crop of projects:




    2021:



  1. (January 19 - October 18, 2021) Michele 2021: A Birthday Festschrift for Michele Joy Leggott.

  2. Dear Jack,

    Please accept this piece - 1000 words exactly, plus title and sign-off details - for the celebration confabulation you are creating for Michele, with deep thanks for your care and work making this event happen.
    With fond respect,

    - Lisa Samuels. "Email to Jack Ross" (11/9/2021)

    I've always liked the idea of an Academic Festschrift, or collection of celebratory essays and pieces to celebrate the achievements of a writer or researcher at some watershed moment in their career: often - as in this case - on their retirement from Academia.

    In the case of the multi-talented poet, cultural historian, and literary critic Prof Michele Leggott, it seemed best to go for an online format, rather than a more conventional mode of publication, given her longtime involvement as co-founder and editor of the New Zealand Electronic Poetry Centre, or nzepc.

    While it might have seemed more appropriate to house it on that website, for secrecy's sake it seemed better to construct my own festschrift site in private. I don't know if we were successful in keeping it entirely confidential before it was revealed and made public on her 65th birthday on October 18th, 2021. I certainly hope so.





    2022:



  3. (June 2, 2022 - October 29, 2023) Jack Ross: Stories.

  4. You are a male Scheherazade! ('Talking against death'! yep that sums our craft up in three brutal words...)

    - Tracey Slaughter. "Email to Jack Ross" (14/2/2024)

    While I was in the early stages of compiling the pieces which would eventually turn into my latest book of short stories, Haunts, I decided to try to straighten out all the myriad drafts I'd accumulated by pasting them up online. As it turned out, that didn't help me much, but it did provide the kernel for a larger Stories site which has now grown to include the texts of all my published fiction to date - with the exception of the three novels in my R.E.M. trilogy, each of which already has one (or more) websites dedicated to it:

    1. Nights with Giordano Bruno (2000)
    2. The Imaginary Museum of Atlantis (2006)
      1. Who am I? Automatic Writing
      2. Where am I? Cuttings
    3. E M O (2008)
      1. EVA AVE
      2. Moons of Mars
      3. Ovid in Otherworld

    I ended up with 59 stories, ranging in length from novellas to flash fictions, from seven different publications:

    1. Monkey Miss Her Now & Everything a Teenage Girl Should Know. ISBN 0-476-00182-X. Auckland: Danger Publishing, 2004. [13 short stories]
    2. Trouble in Mind. ISBN 0-9582586-1-9. Auckland: Titus Books, 2005. [novella]
    3. Kingdom of Alt. ISBN 978-1-877441-15-8. Auckland: Titus Books, 2010. [8 short stories]
    4. The Annotated Tree Worship: Draft Research Portfolio. ISBN 978-0-473-41328-6. Auckland: Paper Table, 2017. [novella]
    5. The Annotated Tree Worship: List of Topoi. ISBN 978-0-473-41329-3. Auckland: Paper Table, 2017. [novella]
    6. Ghost Stories. ISBN 978-0-9951165-5-9. 99% Press. Auckland: Lasavia Publishing, 2019. [12 short stories]
    7. Haunts. ISBN 978-1-991083-17-3. 99% Press. Auckland: Lasavia Publishing, 2024. [13 short stories]

    Along with my Opinions site ("Essays, Interviews, Introductions & Reviews - 1987 to the present"), and the Poems site listed below, this collects pretty much everything I've written (or rather, published) to date which I want to preserve.



    NB: When you visit this site, the warning above is the first thing you'll see (the same applies to the Poems and EMO sites listed below).

    The reason for this is because some of my poems and stories contain swear words and bad language of various types, and I've noticed in the past that this tends to get flagged by roving web editors.

    I therefore decided to mark these three sites (along with the other novel sites, Nights with Giordano Bruno and The Imaginary Museum of Atlantis as containing "Adult content", which means that this warning will be shown to all potential blog readers, who will then be forced to log in with their Google ID to verify their age and status.

    True, this will certainly have the result of reducing the number of clicks on each website, but it will also make it harder for the idle and unmotivated to reach these works - not necessarily a bad thing. After all, I don't want to make things too easy for potential hackers. Bona fide readers remain more than welcome, though.





    2023:



  5. (May 27, 2023-April 2024) Jack Ross: Poems

  6. I love all three poems! Love so much - but I especially love ‘Experimental’. i will post that.

    - Paula Green. "Email to Jack Ross" (12/4/2024)

    Like the Stories site listed above, this one began as a repository of a large group of 101 linked poems I was working on as a sequence. Once again, putting them up online did not prove particularly helpful to the process of revising and making sense of them, but it did give me the idea of supplementing them with the texts of the six full-length - but now mostly, alas, out-of-print - poetry collections I've published over the years:

    1. City of Strange Brunettes. ISBN 0-473-05446-9. Auckland: Pohutukawa Press, 1998.
    2. Chantal’s Book. ISBN 0-473-08744-8. Wellington: HeadworX, 2002.
    3. To Terezín. Afterword by Martin Edmond. Social and Cultural Studies, 8. ISSN 1175-7132. Auckland: Massey University, 2007.
    4. Celanie: Poems & Drawings after Paul Celan. by Jack Ross & Emma Smith, with an Afterword by Bronwyn Lloyd. ISBN 978-0-473-22484-4. Auckland: Pania Press, 2012.
    5. A Clearer View of the Hinterland: Poems & Sequences 1981-2014. ISBN 978-0-473-29640-7. Wellington: HeadworX, 2014.
    6. The Oceanic Feeling. Drawings by Katharina Jaeger. Afterword by Bronwyn Lloyd. ISBN 978-0-473-55801-7. Auckland: Salt & Greyboy Press, 2021.

    While I was at it, I thought that it might be a good idea to add some of the chapbooks I'd published over the same period:

    1. Ezra Pound’s Fascist Cantos (72 & 73) together with Rimbaud’s “Poets at Seven Years Old.” Translated by Jack Ross. Auckland: Perdrix Press, 1997.
    2. A Town Like Parataxis. Photographs by Gabriel White. ISBN 0-473-07104-5. Auckland: Perdrix Press, 2000.
    3. The Perfect Storm. Video by Gabriel White. ISBN 0-473-07350-1. Auckland: Perdrix Press, 2000.
    4. The Britney Suite. Auckland: Perdrix Press, 2001.
    5. A Bus Called Mr Nice Guy. ISBN 0-473-10526-8. Auckland: Perdrix Press, 2005.
    6. Love in Wartime. Wellington: Pania Press, 2006.
    7. Papyri: Love poems & fragments from Sappho & elsewhere. ISBN 978-0-473-12397-0. Auckland: Soapbox Press, 2007.
    8. The Return of the Vanishing New Zealander. ISBN 978-0-9864507-6-1. Dunedin: Kilmog Press, 2009.
    9. Scenes from The Puppet Oresteia. Artwork by William T. Ayton. ISBN 978-0-473-18881-8. Rhinebeck, NY: Narcissus Press / Auckland: Perdrix Press, 2011.
    10. Fallen Empire: Museum of True History in Collaboration with Karl Chitham and Jack Ross. Dunedin: Blue Oyster Art Project Space, 2012.

    There turned out to be quite a few other poems I'd written and published during these decades, though, so I thought for the sake of utility I should probably include those, too:

    1. Collage Poems (1997-2005)
    2. Poems from Novels (2000-2008)
    3. Poems from Stories (2004-2019)
    4. Tree Worship (2011-2012)
    5. Tales from the 101 Days (2022-2024)

    Which left me with a final grab-bag category of published but uncollected poems, which I decided to group chronologically:

    1. Poems: 1981-1999
    2. Poems: 2000-2004
    3. Poems: 2005-2009
    4. Poems: 2010-2015
    5. Poems: 2016-2024

    I'm not sure I'd recommend this approach to anyone else. I was inspired by Peter Simpson and Margaret Edgcumbe's online edition of Kendrick Smithyman's Collected Poems 1943-1995. If I'd had any idea of just how much work it would be, though, I'd probably have contented myself with my old MSWord files.




    NB: When you visit this site, the warning above is the first thing you'll see (the same applies to the Stories site above and the EMO site below).

    The reason for this is because some of my poems and stories contain swear words and bad language of various types, and I've noticed in the past that this tends to get flagged by roving web editors.

    I therefore decided to mark these three sites (along with the other novel sites as containing "Adult content", which means that this warning will be shown to all potential blog readers, who will then be forced to log in with their Google ID to verify their age and status.

    True, this will certainly have the result of reducing the number of clicks on each website, but it will also make it harder for the idle and unmotivated to reach these works - not necessarily a bad thing. After all, I don't want to make things too easy for potential hackers. Bona fide readers remain more than welcome, though.





    2024:


    EVA AVE (2006)

  7. (November 27, 2023 - May 2, 2024) E M O: EVA AVE / Moons of Mars / Ovid in Otherworld (27/11/23-2/5/24)


  8. ... this is a book which isn’t satisfied with being self-contained. It reaches beyond its own covers, beyond its author, inviting you into one of the great endangered pleasures of literature – which is the sense of its endlessness, the way one book can open another book for you, like a friend giving you a private gift; perhaps the key to a room you can now share – a room, of course, which would have many other doors.

    - Jen Crawford. "Launch speech at Alleluya cafe" (19/6/2008)
    The original idea of writing a novel in blog form came to me shortly after I started The Imaginary Museum in mid-2006. E M O, a novel consisting of three self-contained blogs, and eventually printed in palimpsest form, with other texts printed faintly underneath, was the result of this train of thought.

    1. EVA AVE (15/8/06-3/9/07)
    2. Moons of Mars (16/8/06-3/9/07)
    3. Ovid in Otherworld (15/8/06-3/9/07)

    The three original blogs are (at present, at least) still extant on the internet, but I no longer have any access to them. My passwords no longer work, so they remain there as untouchable fossils.

    With this in mind, it occurred to me that it might be as well to copy them to a more manageable site, which I do have access to, as part of the larger exercise of straightening out the fiction and poetry I've put up online at various times, in various places. This new site, E M O, is more or less a simulacrum of the original sites, but with the addition of a bibliography and chronology of the original publication.




    When you visit the new site, this warning is the first thing you'll see. The same applies to the Stories and Poems sites listed above.

    The reason for this is because a number of my poems and stories contain swear words and bad language of various types, and I've noticed in the past that this tends to get flagged by roving web editors.

    I therefore decided to mark these three sites (along with the other novel sites, Nights with Giordano Bruno and The Imaginary Museum of Atlantis as containing "Adult content", which means that this warning will be shown to all potential blog readers, who will then be forced to log in with their Google ID to verify their age and status.

    True, this will certainly have the result of reducing the number of clicks on each website, but it will also make it harder for the idle and unmotivated to reach these works - not necessarily a bad thing. After all, I don't want to make things too easy for potential hackers. Bona fide readers remain more than welcome, though.







    2025:



  9. (August 20, 2012 - June 5, 2026) Acquisitions & Discoveries

  10. A marvellous post Jack, and one I am sharing. Your comments about Waley made me think, as I had later dismissed his translations. I shouldn’t have. There are two aims in translation, (1) being as true as possible to the original text and (2) capturing the intent/essence. The two are often in conflict. I like what Eco said about contemporary translation. It should be a negotiation between author and translator, producing two books. The Nobel winner Olga Tokzrczuk said the same, refusing to accept her Booker and Nobel unless her Flights translator was a co-recipient. There’s lots to dig into with The Monkey King - thank you for the prompt and for finding those threads.

    - John Fenton. "Comment on Acquisitions (95): Journey to the West" (9/7/2023)

    Since June 2010, I've maintained an online catalogue of my book collection called A Gentle Madness. It provides details of each book I own, as well as a note of its location. A couple of years in, I decided I needed a space for short bibliographical essays on some of my more interesting purchases. At first it was a single webpage, entitled "Acquisitions", but eventually it grew far beyond those bounds. I only made 11 entries in the first two years I had it, 2012-13, but after that it was 2016 before I revived it again. Since January 2018, though, I've put up 127 separate posts on subjects ranging from World War I poets to my favourite Bibles. Each one is suggested by a particular title or author I've been reading (or collecting).

    It's a more bibliographically focussed set of essays than the more journalistic ones that appear on this site, The Imaginary Museum. There's a certain amount of overlap between the subjects treated on the two websites, though. You can find a convenient index of all the authors and subjects dealt with (to date) on one or other of these sites on this Bibliography page.




I guess I've rather given up on prognostications for the future of this blog - or any other literary enterprises I'm presently engaged in. Sleepwalking seems the best description of the way we're all forced to be these days. Perhaps we'll come through the present set of crises substantially intact; perhaps we won't.

The job remains the same, though - as the great cosmologist Johannes Kepler put it in the middle of the Thirty Years War:
While the storm rages and the state is threatened by shipwreck, let us lower the anchor of our peaceful studies into the ground of eternity.

Matthias Bernegger: Johannes Kepler (1627)





Thursday, December 12, 2024

Redology



When I attended an international Short Story Conference in Shanghai in 2016, I was asked to take part in the opening plenary session. Heaven knows why! I suspect it may have had something to do with the fact that they'd never had any New Zealanders attending their celebrations before ...

There I am above, a couple of seats from the right end of the row.

At one point the moderator enquired if any of us Westerners had been influenced by Chinese models in our own writing. I replied: "Yes, I have - by the Chinese novel."



Was I right to detect a little scepticism in his voice when he asked me just how I'd been affected by Chinese fiction?



I learned very early in my Academic career never to lie about having read something if you haven't actually done so. Once or twice I've fallen into one of those awkward situations where everyone assumes that you, too, have read a book just because the discussion's moved onto it - but even then I find it's best to break in at some point and confess your ignorance.

So, while I don't speak or read Chinese, and therefore have no direct knowledge of Chinese literature beyond my extensive reading of translations, I don't really think that there's much on the great classic Chinese novels in English which I haven't pored over at one time or another.


Cao Xueqin: Hung Lou Meng: The Story of the Stone (5 vols: 1973-86)


In particular, I wrote an essay, "In Love with the Chinese Novel: A Voyage around the Hung Lou Meng", which appeared in brief 37 (2009), after being long-listed for the Landfall Essay Prize. I've also put up a number of posts on the Four Great Classical Chinese Novels on this blog at various times.

I didn't have time to go into all that in my remarks at the conference. But I did try to explain my fascination with the structural methods used by the Old Masters who wrote - or compiled - the traditional Chinese novels: in particular their use of self-contained, short-story-like chapters to build up their immense fictional structures.

Among other things, I mentioned that I first started reading the Hung Lou Meng, or "Red Chamber Dream" - in translation - when I bought a second-hand copy of the first volume of the complete Beijing Foreign Languages Publishing House version as a teenager in the late 1970s. 3 November 1979 is the date I find written on the flyleaf of the book, which I still own ...



While I meant nothing but the profoundest respect for the genius of Cao Xueqin and his great novel with these remarks, they do appear to have given offence. A couple of days later I was chairing a session which included one of the numerous well-known Chinese writers who attended the conference. His English was not good, but his translator conveyed a few comments of his à propos of the Hung Lou Meng and the impossibility that any non-Chinese speaker could ever possibly understand it.

In particular, he mentioned that he'd just finished reading it for the first time, in his mid-forties, and doubted that an adolescent could appreciate its emotional and cultural complexities - any claim to have read it at such a young age was clearly mendacious.

We'd already strayed past the end of our allotted time, and while it was fairly apparent that his comments were mostly directed at me, I had to let them go unchallenged. I've thought quite a lot about what he had to say since, though.

Mainly because I agree with him. Of course I have no claim to understand the Hung Lou Meng. I didn't when I first encountered it, and I don't now. But I have read both of the complete English translations several times, as well as various abridgements and commentaries. All that would have to be seen as analogous with reading Dante or Shakespeare in translation, though: something of the drama may come across, but virtually none of the actual poetry.

My riposte to him, however, would have been that he himself was ready enough to cite Chekhov and Mansfield and other writers whom he'd only encountered in translation. How is that different from my own attempts to glean something of the original Hung Lou Meng through these artful and erudite translations? Did he grudge me that? In a weird way, I felt he was almost jealous of the amount of time I'd spent reading this novel. I was seventeen when I bought my first copy. It's never really been out of my mind since.

It was as if it had been such a great experience for him to read it, that he hated the thought that anyone else - especially an impudent foreigner - could be allowed to undermine his achievement. That, too, was something I could certainly empathise with. "Been there; done that" is the last thing you want to hear about such a profoundly life-changing moment.






Cao Xueqin: Hung Lou Meng: A Dream of Red Mansions (3 vols: 1978-80)

[Books I own are marked in bold]:
Tsao Hsueh-Chin & Kao Ngo. A Dream of Red Mansions. Trans. Yang Hsien-Yi & Gladys Yang. 3 vols. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1978-80.

Redology, according to Wikipedia, is:
the academic study of Cao Xueqin's Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China. There are numerous researchers in this field; most can be divided into four general groups: the first group are the commentators, ...; the second group is the index group, ...; the third group are the textual critics, ...; the final group are the literary critics.

Gladys Taylor & Yang Xianyi (Chongoing, 1941)


The first of the two major English translations of this work, begun in 1961 and published in three volumes from 1978 to 1980, was by Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang, whose names can be found on the title-pages of a great many of the - then Peking, now Beijing - Foreign Languages Press editions of classic Chinese texts.


Cao Xueqin: The Story of the Stone (1973-86)
Cao Xueqin. The Story of the Stone: A Chinese Novel by Cao Xueqin in Five Volumes. Trans. David Hawkes. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973-80.
  • Vol. 1: The Golden Days (1973)
  • Vol. 2: The Crab-Flower Club (1977)
  • Vol. 3: The Warning Voice (1980)
Cao Xueqin & Gao E. The Story of the Stone (Also Known as The Dream of the Red Chamber): A Chinese Novel by Cao Xueqin in Five Volumes, edited by Gao E. Trans. John Minford. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982-86.
  • Vol. 4: The Debt of Tears (1982)
  • Vol. 5: The Dreamer Wakes (1986)

The second was also a joint effort, composed in close collaboration by two British-born academics, David Hawkes and his son-in-law John Minford, who worked on it - together and apart - over a period of roughly fifteen years. I've made some comments on this version here.


Jean & David Hawkes (Peking, 1951)

John Minford (Australia, 2015)


Alongside these two monumental achievements, there are a few other incomplete versions which ought to be acknowledged:


H. Bencraft Joly, trans. The Dream of the Red Chamber (1892-93 / 2010)
Cao Xueqin. The Dream of the Red Chamber. Trans. H. Bencraft Joly. 1892-93. Foreword by John Minford. Introduction by Edwin Lowe. Tokyo / Rutland, Vermont / Singapore: Tuttle Publishing, 2010.

This was the first real attempt at a full translation into English. Its author, Henry Bencraft Joly (1857-1898), was the British Vice-Consul in Macao, where he finished his version of Chapters 1-56, published in two volumes in 1892-93. In his informative introduction to the 2010 reprint, John Minford is honest both about its merits and its shortcomings:
Bencraft Joly's incomplete translation has the merit of being quite a literal one ... He admits that "shortcomings" will be discovered, "both in the prose, and among the doggerel and uncouth rhymes, in which the text has been more adhered to than rhythm."
Minford adds that "one should not be too critical of Joly's refusal to deal with the mildly erotic layer of the novel ... Joly's contemporary Herbert Giles, in translating the Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio of Pu Songling, also bowdlerised. They were both creatures of their time."


Chi-chen Wang, trans. Dream of the Red Chamber (1929 / 1959)
Tsao Hsueh-Chin. Dream of the Red Chamber. Trans. Chi-chen Wang. 1929. Preface by Mark van Doren. London: Vision Press, 1959.

Wang Chi-chen (1899-2001) revised and enlarged his 1929 abridgement of the novel for the 1959 edition. As he himself explains in his introduction to the new version:
The present translation just about doubles the old one in the actual amount of significant material included, if not in actual number of words ... In my first translation, I took the Dream to be essentially a love story, and omitted many episodes made up of what then seemed to me like trivial details. But I have since come to realize that what Tsao Hsueh-Chin tried to do is to describe the life of a large household and that these "trivial details" are as important to the book as the story of of Pao-yu and Black Jade [Lin Dai-yu].
"In general," he concludes. "I have omitted nothing from the first 80 chapters which I consider significant."

In his preface, Mark Van Doren praises Mr. Wang's "admirable style, which is colloquial as that of the original is colloquial, and which does not hesitate to use modern terms in the faith that their equivalent existed in the matchless novel of manners he translates." This slightly barbed encomium would probably be echoed by most modern readers. Wang's version is certainly readable enough, but it's more of an interpretation than an actual translation of the Hung Lou Meng itself, in all its layered detail.


Franz Kuhn, ed. Hung Lou Meng (1958)
Kuhn, Franz, ed. Hung Lou Meng: The Dream of the Red Chamber – A Chinese Novel of the Early Ching Period. 1932. Trans. Isabel and Florence McHugh. 1958. The Universal Library. New York: Grosset & Dunlop, 1968.

This was an English translation of an abridged German version of the novel. Franz Kuhn (1884-1961) also made translations of other Chinese novels, such as the Ch'in P'ing Mei (1930), which at least filled the gap until more complete translations from the Chinese could be provided.

In his introduction, Kuhn claims of his version that it "presents about five-sixths of the original ... Though my translation is not a complete one, I may still claim to be the first Westerner to have made acessible the monumental structure of the Hung Lou Meng. My version gives a full rendering of the main narrative, which is organised around the three figures of Pao Yu, Black Jade [Dai-yu] and Precious Clasp [Bao-chai]."

It's a little difficult to see how he arrives at that estimate of "five-sixths of the original", but his version remains a convenient one for those unwilling to undertake the full adventurous journey through the novel itself.


Pauline Chen: The Red Chamber (2012)
Pauline Chen. The Red Chamber. Virago Press. London: Little, Brown Book Group, 2012.

There's something rather cunning about the idea of adapting the Hung Lou Meng into a more conventional modern historical romance, centred around the fateful love story between Lin Dai-yu and Jia Bao-yu. Pauline A. Chen certainly has strong qualifications for the task.

The American-born daughter of Taiwanese parents, she completed her PhD in East Asian Studies at Princeton, focussing on pre-modern Chinese poetry. She is now a Professor of Chinese language and literature in Ohio. She comments in the author's note to her novel:
Cao's masterpiece is largely unknown to Western audiences, perhaps due to its daunting length (2,500 pages) and complex cast of characters (more than 400). My book, The Red Chamber, makes little attempt to remain faithful to the original plot, but is a reimagining of the inner lives and motivations of the three major female characters ...
She goes on to observe that "like many readers, I was haunted by a sense of incompletion: Cao's original ending has been lost, and a new ending was written by another hand after his death. What follows is my attempt to finish the story for myself, while paying homage to this beloved masterpiece and sharing it with a larger audience."

I'd second those sentiments. Scholarly bickering aside, it's hard for me to see the last forty chapters of the Hung Lou Meng as anything but "a new ending ... written by another hand" after the author's death.




Etsy: Book Trough


The other day I bought a small, two-level book trough from a vintage shop, where it was sitting neglected in a dusty corner.

After a couple of false starts, it occurred to me that it was just the right size to hold my copies of the various translations and other texts related to the Hung Lou Meng.

So here it is: my Redology bookshelf.


Bronwyn Lloyd: Redology Bookshelf (11/12/24)


As well as the four categories of Redologists mentioned in the Wikipedia page above, there's also a chronological breakdown of the various eras of study of the novel, compiled by Joey Bonner in 1976:
Pre-1791:
Commentators on the pre-publication manuscripts, such as Rouge Inkstone and Odd Tablet, who mainly provide literary analysis of the first 80 chapters.
1791–1900:
Post-publication questions over authorship of the addendum, speculation upon esoteric aspects of the book. After 1875 using the term "Redology" for the studies.
1900–1922:
Mainly political interpretations.
1922–1953:
"New Redology", led by Hu Shih, approaches questions of textual authenticity, documentation, dating, with a strong biographical focus. The labelling of previous periods as "Old Redology".
1954–1975:
Marxist literary criticism: the book seen as a criticism of society's failures. Li Xifan's criticism of both Old Redology and Neo-Redologists such as Hu Shih and Yu Pingbo.

So what exactly has changed in Redology since 1976, which is (after all) half a century ago?

It's clearly a field of study for expert Sinologists only, but I suppose - in general terms - the "class" analysis of the novel has continued in Mainland China, whereas scholars at universities elsewhere have tended to stress other contextual and stylistic details of Cao's work.

One can see this even in the two major translations of the novel: the very literal Yang version, with its emphasis on the decadence of the Jia family's "Dream of Red Mansions" even in its title; whereas the more liberally interpretative Hawkes / Minford version tries to avoid the "Red Chamber Dream" label altogether, instead choosing to refer it by the name of the earlier, 80-chapter text, The Story of the Stone.

Speaking for myself, I'm glad to have access to both of these traditions: it is, after all, a book to be read - not simply one to pore over and annotate - and one advantage of the Marxist approaches prevalent in China has been that the novel has remained available there through all the turbulent years since 1949.



Or, as Johannes Kaminski explains it in the abstract to his 2017 article "Toward a Maoist Dream of the Red Chamber: Or, How Baoyu and Daiyu Became Rebels Against Feudalism":
Mao Zedong’s views on literature were enigmatic: although he coerced writers into “learning the language of the masses,” he made no secret of his own enthusiasm for Dream of the Red Chamber, a novel written during the Qing dynasty. In 1954 this paradox appeared to be resolved when Li Xifan and Lan Ling presented an interpretation that saw the tragic love story as a manifestation of class struggle. Ever since, the conception of Baoyu and Daiyu as class warriors has become a powerful and unquestioned cliché of Chinese literary criticism ...

Yangliuqing New Year’s print: Four Beauties Angling in the Pond (late 18th-early 19th century)


The fact is that the Hung Lou Meng is, in many ways, a very frustrating book.

There's an old legend, reported by his early biographer Giovanni Boccaccio, that Dante Alighieri died leaving the last 13 cantos of his Divine Comedy incomplete. Dante’s sons, Jacopo and Piero, were about to start the presumptuous task of completing the work themselves, when the poet appeared to them in a dream and pointed out a sealed window alcove which turned out to contain a somewhat mildewed copy of the missing pages.

If only the same thing had happened with the Hung Lou Meng! The first 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin's work - all that was available in the earliest manuscripts - seem all to be by the same hand: albeit with marginal comments and revisions by a variety of commentators, possibly from the writer's own family.

The final 40 chapters in the 1791 printed version, which the book's editors, Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan, claimed to have compiled from the author's own remaining manuscripts, are very different in tone:
In 2014, three researchers using data analysis of writing styles announced that "Applying our method to the Cheng–Gao version of Dream of the Red Chamber has led to convincing if not irrefutable evidence that the first 80 chapters and the last 40 chapters of the book were written by two different authors."
Whatever the status of these final chapters, they certainly don't fulfil the plot-expectations set up in the first part of the novel. It is, of course, possible that some of the writing contained in them comes from fragments left behind by Cao Xueqin, but there's no definitive evidence either way.

So the novel, albeit labelled as "complete" in its 120-chapter version, remains a magnificent fragment. But then, the same must be said of the Aeneid or The Canterbury Tales: works left incomplete on their authors' desks when they died. That doesn't hinder them from being considered as cornerstones of world literature. Cao Xueqin's novel is on that level - an immortal work of genius which repays endless study.

If you're curious to know more and (like me) you lack competence in Chinese, here are some possible starting points:




Cao Xueqin: Hung Lou Meng: The Story of the Stone (1973-86)

Hongxue (Redology)

  1. Lu Hsun. A Brief History of Chinese Fiction. 1923-24. Trans. Yang Hsien-Yi & Gladys Yang. 1959. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1982.
  2. Wu Shih-Ch’Ang. On The Red Chamber Dream: A Critical Study of Two Annotated Manuscripts of the XVIIIth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961.
  3. Hsia, C. T. The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction. 1968. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.
  4. Plaks, Andrew H. Archetype and Allegory in the Dream of the Red Chamber. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.
  5. Hegel, Robert E. The Novel in Seventeenth-Century China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.
  6. Plaks, Andrew H. The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel: Ssu ta ch'i-shu. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
  7. Rolston, David L., ed. How to Read the Chinese Novel. Contributions from Shuen-fu Lin, David T. Roy, Andrew H. Plaks, John C. Y Wang, David L. Rolston, Anthony C. Yu. Princeton Library of Asian Translations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  8. Edwards, Louise P. Men & Women in Qing China: Gender in The Red Chamber Dream. Sinica Leidensia #31. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994.
  9. Rolston, David L. Traditional Chinese Fiction and Fiction Commentary: Reading and Writing Between the Lines. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997.
  10. Yu, Anthony C. Rereading the Stone: Desire and the Making of Fiction in Dream of the Red Chamber. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
  11. Liu Zaifu. Reflections on Dream of the Red Chamber. 2005. Trans. Shu Yanzhong. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2008.
  12. Wu I-Hsien. Eroticism and Other Literary Conventions in Chinese Literature: Intertextuality in The Story of the Stone. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2017.


Cao Xueqin (c.1715-1763)





Thursday, December 23, 2021

Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio


Herbert A. Giles, trans. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1880)


I remember, back in the 1980s, trotting off one day to my regular haunt the Edinburgh Filmhouse to see a film called A Chinese Ghost Story.


Siu-Tung Ching, dir.: A Chinese Ghost Story (1987)


It wasn't the only Chinese film I saw at that time. They seemed to be distinguished by an irrepressible energy and humour. I saw Peking Opera Blues (1986), with its cross-dressing heroine and its gender-fluid cast of 1920s 'decadents' (I remember one scene where they expressed their disdain for convention by pouring champagne all over the record player blasting out jazz to shield their revels!). I found out later that it's one of Quentin Tarantino's favourite films.


Clarence Fok & Yuen Biao, dir.: The Iceman Cometh (1989)


I also remember seeing a Hong Kong movie called The Iceman Cometh (1989), which had some very amusing scenes where an ultra-modern young lady puts an ancient frozen warrior in his proper place of obedience to her every whim.

I wouldn't say A Chinese Ghost Story displayed much more authenticity than the other two mentioned above, but it was certainly their equal in entertainment value. I did vaguely notice that the screenplay was based on a genuine ghost story, but at the time I knew little of Pu Songling or his celebrated 18th-century compilation of such stories, translated as Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio by sinologist Herbert Giles in the late nineteenth century.


John Minford, trans. Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio (2006)


In fact, it wasn't until I bought a copy of John Minford's new version of selected stories from Pu Songling's collection that I began to realised just what a treasure I'd missed! Minford is perhaps best known for his completion of the Penguin Classics translation of Cao Xueqin's great novel The Story of the Stone, begun by his former teacher (and father-in-law) David Hawkes.


John Minford, trans. The Story of the Stone (1982)
Cao Xueqin. The Story of the Stone (Also Known as The Dream of the Red Chamber): A Chinese Novel by Cao Xueqin in Five Volumes, edited by Gao E. Vol. 4: The Debt of Tears. Trans. John Minford. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982.

Cao Xueqin. The Story of the Stone (Also Known as The Dream of the Red Chamber): A Chinese Novel by Cao Xueqin in Five Volumes, edited by Gao E. Vol. 5: The Dreamer Wakes. Trans. John Minford. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.
The intention behind Minford's Penguin Classics version of Pu Songling's Strange Tales is to restore its original frankness and variety, a feature obscured by the "limitations of the taste of [Giles's] time, which dictated what he thought he could permissibly do":
I had originally determined to publish a full and complete translation of the whole ... but on a closer acquaintance many of the stories turned out to be quite unsuitable for the age in which we live, forcibly recalling the coarseness of our own writers of fiction in the eighteenth century.
[Giles, quoted by Minford, p.xxxii]
Minford, by contrast, is fascinated by the "intensity and richness" of the collection:
Strange Tales is (among other things) a casebook of Chinese sexual pathology ... A young man with a roving eye is deluded by his neighbour's pretty wife into having sex with a rotten log and as a result has his penis fatally bitten by a scorpion ... A kungfu master bashes his penis with a mallet and feels no pain. We encounter aphrodisiacs, love potions and dildos ... Above all, again and again, we read of the seduction of an enervated young scholar by some fatally attractive woman-as-fox or woman-as-ghost, their sexual liaison leading to his eventual debilitation and premature death. [xxi]
In fact, so great an emphasis does Minford place on this aspect of Pu's compilation, that it can come as a bit of a relief to turn to the staider pages of Giles's own selection.


Yuan Mei: Censored by Confucius (1788)


Towards the end of the eighteenth century, famed Chinese poet Yuan Mei published his own collection of ghost stories and strange happenings. His original title for the book was "Censored by Confucius" (though he subsequently changed it to "New Wonder Tales" when he discovered that name had already been used by a 14th-century Yuan dynasty writer). The reference is to a passage in the Analects, where it is said of Confucius:
The Master never talked of wonders, feats of strength, disorders of nature, or spirits.
[Arthur Waley's translation, p. 120]

Arthur Waley: Yuan Mei (1956)


The implication is, of course, that anecdotes about such subjects are irrelevant and even harmful to the well-ordered Confucian individual. Yuan Mei, by contrast, an addict of such "perverse, depraved, obscene and licentious ideas," as his contemporary Zhang Xuechen described them, felt thoroughly at home in such regions. As he remarks in one of his "Seven Poems on Aging":
Talk of books - why they please or fail to please -
Or of ghosts and marvels, no matter how far-fetched,
These are excesses in which, should he feel inclined,
A man of seventy-odd may well indulge.
[quoted in Louie & Edwards, p. xxiv]
And certainly the above selection from Yuan Mei's collection, published in English in 1996, contains the same basic medley of fox-spirits, ghosts, and other Fortean phenomena as Pu Songling's. It does appear (to me, at least) to lack some of the latter's complexity and charm, however, though that could easily be a result of the choice of stories. Yuan Mei was, after all, one of the greatest poets and writers of his age, and there were 747 stories in the original collection, of which only 100 have been presented here.


Lafcadio Hearn: Some Chinese Ghosts (1886)


Finally, last but not least, I'd like to say a few words about the collection above, one of many adaptations / translations put together by Irish-Greek-American writer Lafcadio Hearn. Hearn is, of course, far more famous for the numerous works he published about his adopted country, Japan.

This early book, written while he was still living in New Orleans, was largely cribbed from the publications of French travellers, though it's possible that it may have been influenced by Giles's Strange Tales as well. Certainly it seems more redolent of fin-de-siècle Chinoiserie than what we might regard as more authentic folklore.

Hearn was, after all, a decadent, and if it were not for the continued vogue that his books retain among contemporary Japanese readers, he'd probably be largely forgotten now. In any case, if - like me - you're fascinated by tales of "ghosts and marvels, no matter how far-fetched", I thoroughly recommend these three collections of Chinese ghost stories.

There can be a certain monotony in any ghost story tradition, whether it features Ouija boards and clanking chains or - as in this case - fox-spirits and earth-bound ghosts. The solution seems to be to mix it up. And certainly, when A Chinese Ghost Story opened an unexpected door into strangeness for me all those years ago, I had no idea where it might end up taking me.


Jack Ross: Ghost Stories (2019)






Pu Songling

Pu Songling
(1640-1715)

    Translations:

  1. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio. Trans. Herbert A. Giles. London: T. De La Rue, 1880.
    • Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio. Trans. Herbert A. Giles. 1880. Rev. ed. 1916. Honolulu, Hawai’i: University Press of the Pacific, 2003.
  2. Strange Stories from the Lodge of Leisure. Trans. George Soulie. London: Constable, 1913.
  3. Strange Tales of Liaozhai. Trans. Lu Yunzhong, Chen Tifang, Yang Liyi, & Yang Zhihong. Hong Kong: Commercial Press, 1982.
    • Strange Tales of Liaozhai. Trans. Lu Yunzhong, Yang Liyi, Yang Zhihong, & Chen Tifang. Illustrated by Tao Xuehua. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press, Ltd., 1982.
  4. Strange Tales from Make-do Studio. Trans. Denis C. & Victor H. Mair. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1989.
    • Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio. Trans. Denis C. & Victor H. Mair. 1989. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1996.
  5. Strange Tales from the Liaozhai Studio. Trans. Zhang Qingnian, Zhang Ciyun and Yang Yi. Beijing: People's China Publishing, 1997.
  6. Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. Trans. John Minford. London: Penguin, 2006.
    • Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. Trans. John Minford. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2006.
  7. Strange Tales from Liaozhai. Trans. Sidney L. Sondergard. 6 vols. Jain Pub Co., 2008-2017.

  8. Secondary:

  9. Judith T. Zeitlin. Historian of the Strange: Pu Songling and the Chinese Classical Tale. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993.




Luo Ping: Yuan Mei

Yuan Mei
(1716–1797)

    Translations:

  1. Censored by Confucius: Ghost Stories. 1788. Ed. & trans. Kam Louie & Louise Edwards. New Studies in Asian Culture. An East Gate Book. New York & London: M. E. Sharpe, 1996.

  2. Secondary:

  3. Arthur Waley. Yuan Mei: Eighteenth Century Chinese Poet. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1956.



Frederick Gutekunst: Lafcadio Hearn (1889)

Patrick Lafcadio Hearn (1850-1904)


    America & the West Indies:

  1. La Cuisine Creole: A Collection of Culinary Recipes (1885)
  2. "Gombo Zhèbes": A Little Dictionary of Creole Proverbs, Selected from Six Creole Dialects (1885)
  3. Chita: A Memory of Last Island (1889)
  4. Youma, the Story of a West-Indian Slave (1889)
  5. Two Years in the French West Indies (1890)

  6. Japan:

  7. Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (1894)
  8. Out of the East: Reveries and Studies in New Japan (1895)
  9. Kokoro: Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life. 1896. Tokyo & Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1977.
  10. Gleanings in Buddha-Fields: Studies of Hand and Soul in the Far East (1897)
  11. The Boy who Drew Cats (1897)
  12. Exotics and Retrospectives (1898)
  13. Japanese Fairy Tales (1898)
  14. In Ghostly Japan. 1899. Tokyo & Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1972.
  15. Shadowings (1900)
  16. Japanese Lyrics (1900)
  17. A Japanese Miscellany (1901)
  18. Kottō: Being Japanese Curios, with Sundry Cobwebs (1902)
  19. Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things. 1904. The Travellers’ Library. London: Jonathan Cape, 1927.
  20. Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation (1904)
  21. The Romance of the Milky Way and other studies and stories (1905)

  22. Posthumous:

  23. Letters from the Raven; being the correspondence of Lafcadio Hearn with Henry Watkin et al. (1907)
  24. Leaves from the Diary of an Impressionist (1911)
  25. Interpretations of Literature (1915)
  26. Karma (1918)
  27. On Reading in Relation to Literature (1921)
  28. Creole Sketches (1924)
  29. Lectures on Shakespeare (1928)
  30. Insect-musicians and other stories and sketches (1929)
  31. Japan's Religions: Shinto and Buddhism (1966)
  32. Books and Habits; from the Lectures of Lafcadio Hearn (1968)
  33. Writings from Japan: An Anthology. Ed. Francis King. Penguin Travel Library. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984.
  34. Lafcadio Hearn's America: Ethnographic Sketches and Editorials (2002)
  35. Lafcadio Hearn's Japan: An Anthology of His Writings on the Country and Its People (2007)
  36. American Writings (Library of America, 2009): Some Chinese Ghosts | Chita | Two Years in the French West Indies | Youma | selected journalism and letters
  37. Insect Literature (2015)
  38. Japanese Ghost Stories. Ed. Paul Murray (2019)
  39. Japanese Tales of Lafcadio Hearn. Ed. Andrei Codrescu (2019)

  40. Translations &c.:

  41. One of Cleopatra's Nights and Other Fantastic Romances, by Théophile Gautier (1882)
  42. Stray Leaves From Strange Literature; Stories Reconstructed from the Anvari-Soheili, Baital Pachisi, Mahabharata, Pantchantra, Gulistan, Talmud, Kalewala, etc. (1884)
  43. Chinese Ghost Stories: Curious Tales of the Supernatural. ['Some Chinese Ghosts', 1886]. Tuttle Publishing. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., 2011.
  44. Tales from Théophile Gautier (1888)
  45. The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard, by Anatole France (1890)
  46. The Temptation of Saint Anthony, by Gustave Flaubert (1910)
  47. Stories from Emile Zola (1935)
  48. The Tales of Guy de Maupassant (1964)

  49. Secondary:

  50. Elizabeth Bisland. The Life and Letters of Lafcadio Hearn. 2 vols. New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1906.
  51. Jonathan Cott. Wandering Ghost: The Odyssey of Lafcadio Hearn. New York: Knopf, 1990.
  52. Carl Dawson. Lafcadio Hearn and the Vision of Japan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
  53. Paul Murray. A Fantastic Journey: The Life and Literature of Lafcadio Hearn. Tokyo: Japan Library, 1993.

  1. Bauer, Wolfgang & Herbert Fiske, eds. The Golden Casket: Chinese Novellas of Two Millennia. 1959. Trans. Christopher Levenson. 1964. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.

  2. Lin Yutang. Famous Chinese Short Stories. 1952. Montreal: Pocket Books of Canada, 1953.

  3. Ma, Y. W. & Joseph M. Lau, eds. Traditional Chinese Stories: Themes and Variations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.

  4. Van Over, Raymond, ed. Smearing the Ghost’s Face with Ink: A Chinese Anthology. 1973. London: Picador, 1982.

Raymond Van Over: Smearing the Ghost’s Face with Ink (1973)