SF Luminaries: Christopher Priest

Christopher Nolan, dir. The Prestige (2006)

Why isn't Christopher Priest better known? Surely he deserves to be. It's true that the stellar reputation he built in the 1970s and 80s as one of the most innovative and forward-thinking SF writers of his time seemed to dissipate somewhat in the 1990s.

The Quiet Woman (1991), his follow-up to the two extraordinary crossover hits The Affirmation (1981) and The Glamour (1984), was not nearly so well received. It was almost as if he'd lost his way, or exhausted his inspiration. The novel felt drifting, formless. I stopped collecting each new book of his after that.

Which, in retrospect, was a shame. The Prestige (1995) was a swaggering, staggering return to form. But then, I didn't even read it until well after the film was released in 2006. It came as quite a surprise.

The movie, with its screenplay co-written by Christopher Nolan and his brother Jonathan, is a characteristically Nolanian mise-en-abyme, with a startling dénouement designed to freeze the blood.

The book, on the other hand, is an overt recreation of the Frankenstein legend, with numerous echoes of Mary Shelley's masterpiece behind its setting on the vaudeville stage. It's a powerful, well-written novel, but - for better or worse - it doesn't tell quite the same story as Nolan's film.

Christopher Priest: The Prestige (1995)

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Christopher Priest: The Glamour (1984)

It was the late 1980s, in Edinburgh; my then girlfriend (later wife) was working on a Masters thesis on Fantasy literature. Her idea for a topic was a comparison between Hermann Hesse's Steppenwolf and Christopher Priest's dazzling new novel The Glamour.

I should explain that Jackie-Anne had a rather complicated origin story. Born in Paris, she was brought up in France, the UK, and Belgium by her Flemish father and Scottish mother. To say that she lived between cultures would be to put it mildly.

People often asked her if she was bilingual. She once explained to me that it's really a meaningless concept. No-one is truly bilingual. When you use different languages in different contexts you tend to know the specific vocabulary for, say, cooking and housework - or critical and philosophical discourse - in those particular languages. She did her undergraduate degree at a French-speaking university, Louvain-la-Neuve, but since she was studying German literature, the discussions in class - and the oral exams - were conducted almost exclusively in German.

The decision to go to Scotland for her Masters degree was an attempt to establish more solid roots in her mother's homeland. I'm betting that none of them guessed that she might run into an almost equally deracinated New Zealander there, conducting his own eccentric research into South American literature (Why? Who knows? All I can say is that it seemed like a good idea at the time). Spanish was one of the few European languages she didn't speak to a high standard, but of course her idea of a "speaking knowledge" was a quantum leap above mine.

So: Hermann Hesse. Jackie-Anne's undergraduate degree had compared C. S. Lewis's "Narnia" books with Michael Ende's Neverending Story. Of course she read them, and quoted from them both, in the original, but the thesis itself was written in German. Now, in Scotland, she was setting out to write in English about a German and an English writer, but of course in that monoglot world none of her supervisors could read a word of German. To them Hesse (in translation) was simply the subject of a 1960s campus cult; the complexities of his position in German literature were far above their heads.

Still, he was safely dead and buried, which is always satisfactory for Academics. Christopher Priest wasn't, though, so Jackie-Anne wrote to him with a number of questions - I guess she must have routed the letter through his publishers. I don't really recall.

His reply was very courteous, if a little bemused. He disclaimed any particular knowledge of - or influence from - Hesse, but he was happy to discuss some of the other aspects of his bewilderingly strange novel. It centres on amnesia and invisiblity. Nothing in the story is certain, and the true identity of the main character is very much up for grabs. I'm not sure if it's quite the same thing as Hesse's own rather more predictable narrative house of mirrors. but it was really the differences between them, one published in 1927, the other in 1984, which added up to the point Jackie-Anne wanted to make.

It did get me onto a Christopher Priest jag, though. My own favourite among his more recent works was definitely The Affirmation. The vision it presented of an imaginary dream archipelago, created by the narrator to assist in his own self-analysis, but then seemingly developing a life of its own, was one of the most compelling models for fictional creation I've ever encountered.

It must have had quite an effect on Priest himself, too, as he returned to it in a later collection of short stories, The Dream Archipelago (1999), as well as a further novel, The Islanders (2011).

Christopher Priest: The Affirmation (1981)

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Christopher Priest: Inverted World (1974)

Priest's work seems to fall easily into separate epochs. His transition from an intensely innovative star of the UK SF scene to a postmodern novelist parallels much the same development in writers such as J. G. Ballard and W. S. Burroughs. Priest started out more hard Sci-fi than either, though. Inverted World is probably his most influential title from this era.

Its first sentence: "I had reached the age of six hundred and fifty miles", has, according to one critic: "justly become one of the most famous in science fiction". The bizarreries of the situation in which the inhabitants of the city called "Earth" find themselves are strange in the extreme. I won't spoil the story by attempting to explain them here, but the vital difference between this SF novel and Priest's later, more postmodern works is the fact that it does get explained, and even (to some extent) resolved in the course of the narrative.

Other works from this period, such as A Dream of Wessex, have much in common with the "Dangerous Visions" SF of authors such as Philip K. Dick. There's definitely something of Dick's A Maze of Death (1970) in the idea behind the book, which:

can be read as a straightforward story about a group of twentieth-century dreamers who create a consensus virtual-reality future. Once they enter their imaginary world they are unable to remember who they are, or where they are from. On another level, the novel is itself an extended metaphor for the way in which extrapolated futures are created.

That's where Priest might have stayed if it hadn't been for the great leap forward represented by The Affirmation. It's not for nothing that he was named among the 1983 Granta 20 Best Young British Novelists.

Christopher Priest: A Dream of Wessex (1977)

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Christopher Priest & Nina Allan: The Illuminated Man (2026)

All of which brings us to this, his last (albeit posthumous and unfinished) book.

It's an odd story, exhaustively (and sensitively) analysed by Martin Petto in his review on the Strange Horizons website:

... how many books is this? Not one, despite the physical artefact that sits on my desk beside me. Its front and back covers, its table of continents [contents? - JR], its index — they are all an illusory scaffolding for what is three books in an overcoat. This makes The Illuminated Man a unique — uniquely moving and uniquely frustrating — read.

The first book — and also the worst book — belongs to Christopher Priest, the British science fiction writer who died in 2024 whilst working on The Illuminated Man ... His biography of J. G. Ballard was to be his first significant work of non-fiction.

Priest himself explained at the beginning of the book:

I contend that Ballard was one of the most important writers in English in the twentieth century ... However, I believe he has so far not been afforded the final step: the acknowledgement of true and permanent greatness.

The second book contained within The Illuminated Man "is preceded by both a prologue and a preface by Nina Allan":

Allan is another British science fiction writer and critic, active since the start of this century ... She was also Priest’s partner (and became, over the course of writing The Illuminated Man, his wife). It had not been anticipated she would have any role in the book Priest started in January 2023. But then:

Six months later, he was diagnosed with terminal cancer. We believed even then that he would have time to complete the book, or at least a passable draft of it. Sadly, we were wrong. When it became obvious Chris would run out of time, we agreed between the two of us that I should finish what had - so tragically and unexpectedly - turned out to be his final work.

But that's not where the complications end. "Allan had been commissioned to write an essay on Ballard for Writing the Future: Essays on Crafting Science Fiction (2023)":

Talking with Priest about this essay, he shared the Pringle chronology with her. Priest: “I’d forgotten I had this.” Allan: “I became obsessed with it” ... Ultimately Priest took forward the wider book-length project with Allan’s blessing, but it remains a bit of a mystery as to why he did. It also seems unarguable that Allan was better suited to the task. “‘It sounds like you should be writing it,’” she reports a friend as saying. “She was responding, I suppose, to my enthusiasm for the project, for the excitement I still felt for it, in spite of everything”.

The prologue, Petto continues: "showcases what this book could have been, what it partially still is, in its deft blend of criticism, biography, and autobiography ... It is with ... Priest’s own memoir in Chapter 15, that the better book re-emerges. These chapters focus on the accident that precipitated Priest’s diagnosis with terminal cancer and the couple’s individual response to this."

“I suggested that I should take over those parts of the story, he agreed immediately. ‘I can’t write about that stuff, but you can,’ he said. He seemed incredibly relieved”. The final hundred pages of the book ... are simply remarkable. This book is entirely Allan’s book and interleaves an intensely affecting memoir of the period around Priest’s death with a critical evaluation of Ballard’s late work and finally a culminating synthesis of all the elements of The Illuminated Man. That these pages were written under such devastating circumstances makes the accomplishment even greater.

Petto concludes as follows:

The Illuminated Man is profound and deeply moving. It is also inconsistent and confounding. It is sometimes outright bad. It would ideally have been Allan rather than Priest who started the project. In artistic terms, leaving Priest’s initial book intact rather than fully incorporating it was a mistake. But “artistic terms” aren’t really important here ... “We came to think of this book as ours, a shared endeavour that sustained us and maintained our togetherness even as Chris’s work and life came to an end” ... That is an impregnable statement to which the lens of literary criticism cannot be applied. This book — this interlocking trilogy of books — couldn’t exist independently of the context that led to its creation and, ultimately, it is a privilege to read this shared endeavour.

Mikhail Bulgakov: The Master and Margarita (1971)

As I read Martin Petto's marvellous essay-review, clearly written straight from the heart, I found myself reverting to comparative mode: not between Hermann Hesse and Christopher Priest this time, but back to my memories of Bulgakov's luminous last book, The Master and Margarita (1928-40).

The Master's unfinished historical novel about Pontius Pilate constantly doubles with the story of the devil's visit to Moscow in this bewildering book, in all its overlapping versions (and more-or-less "complete" translations). But the message of the book is clear: that Art - in some strange way - can even overcome Death.

It's certainly proved true in Bulgakov's case.

The other thing it reminded me of was more unexpected. I remembered my sense of frustration at reading The Quiet Woman, all those years ago. I remembered that strange interpolated chapter where a UFO descends to earth. Above all, I remember the protagonist's decision to sell the book she's been working on to the European Union's unpublished fiction vault, rather than fighting any longer to share it with the world.

It seemed so depressing, so futile an ending at the time, but see what's become of it now! Priest, too, turned out to have his own Margarita, and his increasingly unavailing attempts to finish this last book have borne strange fruit: something far greater than any biography of the most slippery customer in contemporary British writing could ever have been.

It must have just seemed like wishful thinking at the time, but maybe Bulgakov had a point after all. Perhaps the arc of the moral universe really does "bend toward justice", as Martin Luther King's favourite quote would have it. Perhaps all shall be well and all manner of thing shall be well. It doesn't look like that most of the time, but occasionally, ever so seldom, the clouds part and something marvellous comes through.

Christopher Priest's final work is starting to look very much like that.

Christopher Priest: The Quiet Woman (1991)

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Christopher Priest (2019)

Christopher Mackenzie Priest
(1943-2024)

Novels:


1. Indoctrinaire (1970)
   • Indoctrinaire. 1970. Times Mirror. London: New English Library, 1973.
2. Fugue for a Darkening Island (1972)
   • Fugue for a Darkening Island. 1972. Pan Science Fiction. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1978.
3. The Inverted World (1974)
   • Inverted World. 1974. Times Mirror. London: New English Library, 1975.
4. The Space Machine (1976)
   • The Space Machine: A Scientific Romance. 1976. An Orbit Book. London: Futura Publications Limited, 1977.
5. A Dream of Wessex [aka "The Perfect Lover"] (1977)
   • A Dream of Wessex. London: Faber, 1977.
6. The Affirmation (1981)
   • The Affirmation. 1981. Arena. London: Arrow Books Limited, 1983.
7. The Glamour (1984)
   • The Glamour. 1984. Abacus. London: Sphere Books, Ltd., 1985.
8. [as Colin Wedgelock] Short Circuit [Film novelisation] (1986)
9. [as John Luther Novak] Mona Lisa [Film novelisation] (1986)
10. The Quiet Woman (1990)
11. The Prestige (1995)
    • The Prestige. 1995. Gollancz. London: The Orion Publishing Group, 2004.
12. The Extremes (1998)
13. eXistenZ [Film novelisation] (1999)
14. The Separation (2002)
15. The Islanders (2011)
    • The Islanders. Gollancz. London: The Orion Publishing Group, 2011.
16. The Adjacent (2013)
17. The Gradual (2016)
18. An American Story (2018)
19. The Evidence (2020)
20. Expect Me Tomorrow (2022)
21. Airside (2023)

Story Collections:


22. Real-time World (1974)
    • Real-Time World. Times Mirror. London: New English Library, 1974.
23. An Infinite Summer (1979)
    • An Infinite Summer. 1979. The Science Fiction Book Club. Newton Abbot, Devon: Readers Union Group of Book Clubs, 1979.
24. The Dream Archipelago (1999)
25. Ersatz Wines – Instructive Short Stories [early work] (2008)
26. Episodes (2019)

Edited:


27. Anticipations (1978)
    • Anticipations. 1978. Pan Science Fiction. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1980.

Prose:


28. Your Book of Film-Making (1974)
29. The Book on the Edge of Forever (1993)
30. The Magic – The Story of a Film (2008)
31. [with Nina Allan] The Illuminated Man: Life, Death and the Worlds of J. G. Ballard (2026)
    • [with Nina Allan] The Illuminated Man: Life, Death and the Worlds of J. G. Ballard. London: Bloomsbury Continuum, 2026.

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Mary Turner: Christopher Priest & Nina Allan

Cancelling Russia? Lev Tolstoy

A. N. Wilson: Putin should read Tolstoy for the ending (4/3/2022)

There's a famous essay by George Orwell where he analyses the fatal hubris behind Tolstoy's denunciation of Shakespeare's King Lear as an absurdly exaggerated piece of stagecraft. The same could be said of Russian President Vladimir Putin's remarks comparing alleged attempts by the West to 'cancel' 1,000 years of Russian culture with the recent backlash against Harry Potter-creater and transgender sceptic J. K. Rowling.

The Last Station (2009)

The irony detected by Orwell was that Tolstoy ended up virtually reenacting the last days of Shakespeare's star-crossed King in his final flight from the mess of his private life - a tragic series of blunders retold in the Hollywood film The Last Station (2009).

A Russian Resemblance (2003)

The curious thing about Putin's choice of an example of (so-called) 'cancel culture' is his apparent obliviousness to the fact that he's been so often mocked for his strong resemblance to Rowling's Dobby the house-elf. Perhaps, however, the comparison all along should have been with Lord Voldemort, given their joint addiction to meaningless destruction and death.

Ralph Fiennes as Voldemort

Mind you, there is possibly a genuine case to be made about the tendency for only-too-justified outrage against distant injustice to translate into a rather more petty backlash at home.

Boycott French Products (1985)

In New Zealand, for example, our collective indignation against the French government's cynical bombing of the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour in 1985 gave strong impetus to a boycott of French products proposed by the anti-nuclear lobby. And that, to my mind, was quite fair enough.

However, when the French authorities decided to release convicted spies and saboteurs Dominique Prieur and Alain Mafart, who'd been extradited on the understanding that they would continue to serve out their sentences for manslaughter, our local rage morphed into a refusal to accept the use of the term 'French sticks' in bakeries, and even attempts to threaten and intimidate anyone who taught French.

My ex-wife was then, in the early nineties, responsible for an educational TV programme designed to facilitate the learning of French (among other languages), and I remember that she and many of her colleagues received abusive phonecalls and letters demanding that it be shut down immediately.

I suppose that such reactions seem less surprising now, given the growth of social media as the perfect platform for random abuse. Even at the time, though, it did seem to me to represent a certain confusion of cause and effect. But you can't really argue with angry zealots.

Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852)

Nikolai Gogol is among the very greatest of Russian writers. He was also a proud Ukrainian, most of whose early fiction gently satirises village life in his native region. No-one has ever questioned this fact, and - until now - I don't think it was generally thought of representing any kind of 'double life.'

Now, however, such icons of Russian culture occupy an increasingly contested ideological space. On the one hand, there's the bizarre attempt of alleged 'student of history' Vladimir Putin to deny the very existence of an independent Ukraine.

On the other hand, there are efforts by well-meaning outsiders to co-opt as many artists and writers as possible onto lists of Ukrainian heroes. Gogol undoubtedly spoke Ukrainian, but he wrote in Russian. Nevertheless, given the subject-matter of so much of his work, he does seem to me a very appropriate addition to the roll-call of Ukrainian writers. After all, the majority of Scottish writers over the years have published in English, even those fluent in Gaelic or Scots. They're no less Scottish for that.

Mikhail Bulgakov (1891-1940)

But what of that magnificent genius Mikhail Bulgakov, one of the greatest Russian writers of the twentieth century? He was born in Kiev, which is the setting for his first novel The White Guard. In its dramatised form, as 'The Days of the Turbins', this play was (allegedly) seen fifteen times by Stalin, a fact which undoubtedly saved Bulgakov's life later on, at the height of the purges.

Does that make him a 'Ukrainian writer'? His parents were Russian, he wrote in Russian, and there's no record of his even knowing Ukrainian. It would certainly make for an interesting thesis topic to focus on this aspect of his work, but not if it continues to distract us from the real point at issue.

Mikhail Bulgakov: The White Guard (1925)

The most important point, it seems to me, is that the grand tradition of Russian literature - from Pushkin's 'Bronze Horseman' to Pasternak's Dr. Zhivago - has always been against such monstrous tyrants as Putin, whether they take the form of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, or Stalin himself. It's quite right for Ukrainians to proclaim and celebrate their proud artistic heritage, but it's not really for even expert outsiders to intervene in such debates, let alone the rest of us amateurs and dilettantes.

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1925)

Which brings me back to the ostensible subject of this post, the great Russian writer Count Lev (or 'Leo') Tolstoy. True, he had his blindspots. He was, in fact, one of the most divided and contradictory characters who ever lived - hence the complexities of his partial self-portrait as Pierre Bezukhov in War and Peace.

He was a nobleman who preached poverty, a libertine who recommended chastity, a drunkard and glutton who promoted vegetarianism. He was a futile administrator and poor businessman who wrote in a style so luminously straightforward that it's hard to know who to compare it to except Homer. War and Peace is, in fact, a kind of Russian Iliad - and, like Homer, he followed it up with a possibly even greater masterwork, Anna Karenina.

Charles M. Schulz: Peanuts

Which is where most people tend to stop. That is, if they ever get started in the first place. There's a myth that War and Peace is one of those celebrated but unreadable books which tend to stay on the shelf with the pages untouched despite their admitted importance to world culture. You know the ones: Das Kapital, The Origin of Species, The Interpretation of Dreams, Ulysses, Moby Dick, Don Quixote ... even (dare one say it?) The Bible?

It's a shame, really, because Tolstoy is both a fantastic writer and a very readable one. Probably the best place to start is with his novellas and short stories, though: The Cossacks, Hadji Murad, the Sevastopol Tales. War and Peace makes far more sense as the culmination of all those strands of Tolstoyan obsessiveness than as a stand-alone masterpiece.

The truth of the matter, of course, is that it's Putin and his ilk who would like you to stop reading Tolstoy, Gogol and Bulgakov, not those infamous 'critics' so reputedly keen to cancel everything that moves. Anyone who could read these great Russian writers and see them as militarists would have to be severely deluded. For such an aggressive, expansionist empire, it's extraordinary how courageous and direct Russian literature has been in its analysis of the roots of violence.

So the one tiny kernel of truth in Putin's mountain of lies is this: don't give up on Russian culture just yet. Tolstoy's views on human brotherhood and resistance to evil may have seemed extraordinarily naive to most of his more worldly contemporaries but, strangely enough, it's his works on the subject which still seem worth reading more than a century on.

A-Z Quotes: Mahatma Gandhi

It's hard to imagine Gandhi without the teachings of Tolstoy. And without the example of Gandhi, there would have been no Martin Luther King.

That's not to say that non-violence is a technique that works readily against dictators, but don't be too eager to dismiss it. In the long run, one could argue, when it comes to the need to live alongside your enemies, it's perhaps the only approach that might even conceivably work. In other words, it's better to be thankful for the entangled arguments of idealists such as Tolstoy than to assume automatically that you know better.

Lev Tolstoy was that rarest and bravest of thinkers, the one who isn't afraid to look like a fool. His literary genius continues to speak for itself.

Christopher Plummer as Tolstoy (The Last Station, 2009)

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Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky: L. N. Tolstoy (1908)

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
[Leo Tolstoy]
(1828-1910)

[books owned by me are marked in bold:]

Leo Tolstóy: Works: Centenary Edition (1928-37)


Collected Works:


1. Centenary Edition of the Works of Tolstóy. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 21 vols. London: Published for the Tolstóy Society by Oxford University Press (1928-37):
   1. Aylmer Maude. The Life of Tolstóy: the First Fifty Years. In Lieu of an Introduction by George Bernard Shaw
   2. Aylmer Maude. The life of Tolstóy: Later Years. Introduction by Professor G. R. Noyes
      • Maude, Aylmer. The Life of Tolstóy. 1908-10. Centenary Edition I-II. 1928-37. The World’s Classics, 383. 1930. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1953.
   3. Childhood, Boyhood and Youth. Introduction by William Lyon Phelps
      • Childhood, Boyhood and Youth. 1852, 1854 & 1857. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition III. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 352. London: Humphrey Milford / Oxford University Press, 1930.
   4. Tales of Army Life. Introduction by Shane Leslie
      • Tales of Army Life. 1852-89. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1916. Centenary Edition IV. 1928-37. Editor's Note by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 208. 1935. London: Geoffrey Cumberlege / Oxford University Press, 1946.
   5. Nine Stories: 1855-63. Introductions by Robert Hichens & Rebecca West
      • Nine Stories: 1855-63. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1934. Centenary Edition V. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 420. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.
   6. War and Peace I. Introduction by Hugh Walpole
   7. War and Peace II
   8. War and Peace III
      • War and Peace. 1869. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1922-1923. Centenary Edition VI-VIII. 1928-37. Illustrated by Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur. 3 vols. London: Heron Books / J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., n.d.
   9. Anna Karénina I. Introduction by the Hon. Brand Whitlock
   10. Anna Karénina II
       • Anna Karenina. 1877. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1918. Centenary Edition IX-X. 1928-37. Introduction by John Bayley. The World’s Classics, 210. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
   11. A Confession and The Gospel in Brief. Introduction by the Hon. Mrs. Alfred Lyttelton
       • A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe. 1879, 1881, 1884. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1921. Centenary Edition XI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 229. 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
   12. On Life and Essays on Religion. Introduction by Lady Sybil Smith
       • On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
   13. Twenty-Three Tales. Introduction by Madeline Mason-Manheim
       • Twenty-Three Tales. 1872-1906. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. Preface by Aylmer Maude. 1906. Centenary Edition XIII. 1928-37. The World’s Classics, 72. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1947.
   14. What Then Must We Do?. Introduction by Jane Addams
       • What Then Must We Do? 1886. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1925. Centenary Edition XIV. 1928-37. Editor's Note by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 281. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1950.
   15. Iván Ilých and Hadji Murád. Introductions by Stephen Graham & Prince D. Mirsky
       • Iván Ilých and Hadji Murád. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XV. 1928-37. Editor's Note by Aylmer Maude. Introductions by Stephen Graham & Prince D. Mirsky. For the Tolstóy Society. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1934.
       • Iván Ilých and Hadji Murád and Other Stories. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XV. 1928-37. Preface by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 432. 1937. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.
   16. The Devil and Cognate Tales. Introduction by St. John Ervine
       • The Kreutzer Sonata, The Devil and Other Tales. 1859-1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1924. Centenary Edition XVI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 266. Rev. ed., with 'Family Happiness,' trans. J. D. Duff. 1940. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.
   17. Plays. Introduction by Harley Granville-Baker
       • Plays: Complete Edition Including the Posthumous Plays. 1886, 1889, 1910. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1923. Centenary Edition XVII. 1928-37. Preface by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 243. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.
   18. What is Art? and Essays on Art. Introduction by Aylmer Maude
       • What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
   19. Resurrection. Introduction by H. G. Wells
       • Resurrection: A Novel. 1899. Trans. Louise Maude. 1916. Centenary Edition XIX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 209. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1926.
   20. The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Introduction by Gilbert Murray
       • The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Introduction by Gilbert Murray. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. For the Tolstóy Society. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1935.
       • The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
   21. Recollections and Essays. Introduction by Hamlin Garland
       • Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.



Lev Tolstóy: Война и Мирь (1869)


Novels:


2. War and Peace [Война и мир] (1869)
   • Война и Мир. 2 vols. Illustrated by V. A. Serova. Москва и Ленинград: Государственное Издательство Художественной Литературий, 1960.
   • War and Peace. 1869. Trans. Constance Garnett. 1904. Illustrated by John Groth. London: The Reprint Society Ltd., 1960.
   • War and Peace. 1869. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1922-1923. Illustrated by Vassily Verestchagin & Fritz Eichenberg. New York: The Heritage Press, 1938.
   • War and Peace. 1869. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1957. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983.
   • War and Peace: Original Version. 1865-66. Ed. Evelina E. Zaidenshnur. 1983. Ed. Jenefer Coates. Trans. Andrew Bromfield. Introduction by Nikolai Tolstoy. London: Harper Perennial, 2007.
3. Anna Karenina [Анна Каренина] (1877)
   • Анна Каренина. Киев: Издателъство художественной литературы «Днипро», 1978.
   • Anna Karenin: A Novel. 1877. Trans. Constance Garnett. 1901. London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1948.
   • Anna Karenina. 1873-1877. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1918. Afterword by Ned Halley. Collector's Library. London: CRW Publishing Limited, 2010.
   • Anna Karenin. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1954. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978.
4. Resurrection [Воскресение] (1899)
   • Resurrection: A Novel. 1899. Trans. Louise Maude. Ed. L. Kolesnikov. Illustrated by O. Pasternak. Classics of Russian Literature. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. [c.1955]
   • Resurrection. 1899. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1966. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976.



Lev Tolstoi: Resurrection (1955)


Unfinished Novels:


5. The Decembrists [Декабристы] (1863)
6. Prince Fyodor Shchetinin [Федор Щетинин] (1936)



Lev Tolstoi: Childhood, Boyhood, Youth (c.1955)


Novellas & Longer Stories:


7. Autobiographical Trilogy [Детство / Отрочество / Юность] (1852-56)
   • Childhood, Boyhood, Youth. 1852, 1854 & 1857. Ed. D. Bitsi. Classics of Russian Literature. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.
   • Childhood, Boyhood, Youth. 1852, 1854, 1856. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1964. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. [PC2]
8. Sevastopol Sketches [Севастопольские рассказы] (1855–1856)
   • Севастопольские Рассказы. Ленинград: «Художественная литературa», 1976.
   • Sebastopol. 1855-56. Ed. Ivan Lepinski. London & Glasgow: Collins Clear-Type Press, n.d. [c.1932].
9. Family Happiness [Семейное счастье] (1859)
   • Included in: The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. 1863, 1887, 1859. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1960. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
10. The Cossacks [Казаки] (1863)
    • Included in: The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. 1863, 1887, 1859. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1960. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
11. The Death of Ivan Ilyich [Смерть Ивана Ильича] (1886)
    • Included in: The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. 1863, 1887, 1859. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1960. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
    • The Death of Ivan Ilyich. 1887. Trans. Lynn Solotaroff. A Bantam Classic. New York: Bantam Books, Inc., 1981.
12. The Kreutzer Sonata [Крейцерова соната] (1889)
    • The Kreutzer Sonata. 1889. Trans. Ivan Lepinski. Introduction by C. Ranger Gull. London & Glasgow: Collins Clear-Type Press, n.d.
13. Hadji Murat [Хаджи-Мурат] (1912/1917)
    • Hadji Murat. 1912. Trans. Hugh Aplin. Foreword by Colm Tóibín. 2003. Hesperus Classics. London: Hesperus Press Limited, 2006.



Leo Tolstoy: Tales of Courage and Conflict (1958)


Short Story Collections:


14. Tales. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude & Constance Garnett (1947) [FS1]
    • Tales. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude ('The Raid' & "Two Old Men'), & Constance Garnett ('Two Hussars', 'Three Deaths', 'Polikushka' & 'The Death of Ivan Ilyitch'). Illustrations by Elizabeth MacFadyen. London: The Folio Society, 1947.
15. Tales of Courage and Conflict. Trans. Nathan Haskell Dole & Isabel F. Hapgood (1958) [CC]
    • Tales of Courage and Conflict. 1852, 1854 & 1857. Trans. Nathan Haskell Dole & Isabel F. Hapgood. Ed. Charles Neider. 1958. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1985.
16. Fables, Tales & Stories / A Captive in the Caucasus. 1872. Ed. E. Vladimirksy & V. Zaitsev. Mosocow: Progress Publishers, 1973.
17. Short Stories. Trans. Margaret Wettlin (Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. [c.1960]) [FL]
    • Short Stories. Trans. Margaret Wettlin. Illustrated by V. Basov. Classics of Russian Literature. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.
18. The Short Stories of Leo Tolstoy. Trans. Arthur Mendel & Barbara Makanowitzky (1960) [BB]
    • The Short Stories of Leo Tolstoy. Trans. Arthur Mendel & Barbara Makanowitzky. Introduction by Alexandra Tolstoy. A Bantam Classic. New York: Bantam Books, Inc., 1960.
19. The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds (1960) [PC1]
    • The Cossacks / The Death of Ivan Ilyich / Happy Ever After. 1863, 1887, 1859. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds. 1960. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
20. Master and Man / Father Sergius / Hadji Murat. Trans. Paul Foote (1977) [PC3]
    • Master and Man / Father Sergius / Hadji Murat. 1895, 1898, 1912. Trans. Paul Foote. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977.
21. Collected Shorter Fiction. 2 vols (2001) [EL]
    • Collected Shorter Fiction. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude & Nigel J. Cooper. Introduction by John Bayley. 2 vols. Everyman's Library, 243. A Borzoi Book. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.
22. The Collected Stories. 3 vols (2007) [FS2]
    • The Collected Stories. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude with J. D. Duff, Sam A. Carmack & David McDuff. Introduction by John Sutherland. Illustrated by Roman Pisarev. 3 vols. London: The Folio Society, 2007.



Leo Tolstoy: Collected Short Stories (2007)


Stories & Fables:

[BB = Tales of Courage and Conflict (1958);
CC = The Short Stories: Bantam Books (1960);
EL = Collected Shorter Fiction: Everyman's Library (2001);
FL = Short Stories: Foreign Languages Publishing House (c.1960);
FS1 = Tales: Folio Society (1947);
FS2 = The Collected Stories: Folio Society (2007);
PC1 = The Cossacks: Penguin Classics (1960);
PC2 = Childhood, Boyhood, Youth: Penguin Classics (1964);
PC3 = Master and Man: Penguin Classics (1977)]


1. A History of Yesterday [История вчерашнего дня] (1851) [EL]
2. The Raid [Набег] (1852) [FS1 / CC / BB / EL / FS2]
3. Childhood [Детство] (1852) [PC2]
4. A Christmas Night [Святочная ночь] (1853 / 1928) [EL]
5. Boyhood [Отрочество] (1854) [PC2]
6. [Untranslated] Как умирают русские солдаты (1854 / 1928)
7. The Cutting of the Forest (1855) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
8. A Billiard-marker's Notes [Записки маркера] (1855) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
9. Sevastopol in December 1854 [Севастопольские рассказы] (1855) [CC / EL / FS2]
10. Sevastopol in May 1855 [Севастопольские рассказы] (1855) [CC / EL / FS2]
11. Sevastopol in August 1855 [Севастопольские рассказы] (1856) [CC / EL / FS2]
12. Youth [Юность] (1856) [PC2]
13. An Old Acquaintance (1856 / 1887) [CC / EL / FS2]
14. The Snowstorm [Метель] (1856) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
15. Two Hussars [Два гусара] (1856) [FS1 / FL / EL / FS2]
16. A Landlord's Morning [Утро помещика] (1856) [EL / FS2]
17. [Untranslated] Разжалованный (1856)
18. Lucerne [Люцерн] (1857) [CC / EL / FS2]
19. Albert [Альберт] (1858) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
20. Family Happiness [Семейное счастье] (1859) [FL / PC1 / EL / FS2]
21. Three Deaths [Три смерти] (1859) [FS1 / CC / BB / EL / FS2]
22. [Untranslated] Отрывки рассказов из деревенской жизни (1860—1862 / 1932)
23. Kholstomer / Strider: The Story of a Horse [Холстомер] (1861-86) [CC / FL / BB / EL / FS2]
24. [Untranslated] Идиллия (1861-62 / 1911)
25. The Cossacks [Казаки] (1863) [PC1]
26. [letter] The Porcelain Doll (1863) [EL / FS2]
27. Polikúshka [Поликушка] (1862) [FS1 / EL / FS2]
28. God Sees the Truth, But Waits [Бог правду видит, да не скоро скажет] (1872) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
29. A Prisoner in the Caucasus [Кавказский пленник] (1872) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
30. The Bear Hunt (1872) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
31. The Two Horses [Две лошади] (1880)
32. [Untranslated] Прыжок (1880)
33. [Untranslated] Рассказ Аэронавта (1880)
34. What Men Live By [Чем люди живы] (1881) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
35. Memoirs of a Madman (1884) [EL / FS2]
36. Ilyás [Ильяс] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
37. Where Love Is, God Is [Где любовь, там и бог] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
38. Evil Allures, But Good Endures [Вражье лепко, а божье крепко] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
39. Little Girls Wiser than Men [Девчонки умнее стариков] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
40. A Spark Neglected Burns the House [Упустишь огонь, не потушишь] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
41. Two Old Men [Два старика] (1885) [FS1 / CC / BB / EL / FS2]
42. The Tale of Ivan the Fool [Сказка об дураке] (1885) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
43. The Two Brothers and the Gold [Два брата и золото] (1885 / 1886) [CC]
44. The Death of Ivan Ilyich [Смерть Ивана Ильича] (1886) [FS1 / CC / FL / PC1 / EL / FS2]
45. Croesus and Fate (1886)
46. The Candle [Свечка] (1886) [CC]
47. The Three Hermits [Три Старца] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
48. How the Little Devil Earned a Crust [Как чертёнок краюшку выкупал] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
49. The Repentant Sinner [Кающийся грешник] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
50. A Grain as Big As a Hen's Egg [Зерно с куриное яйцо] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
51. How Much Land Does a Man Need? [Много ли человеку земли нужно] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
52. The Godson [Крестник] (1886) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
53. Three Sons [Три сына] (1887 / 1889)
54. Stories of My Dogs (1888)
55. The Kreutzer Sonata [Крейцерова соната] (1889) [CC / FL / EL / FS2]
56. The Devil [Дьявол] (1889) [BB / EL / FS2]
57. A Lost Opportunity (1889)
58. Father Sergius [Отец Сергий] (1890-98) [BB / PC3 / EL / FS2]
59. Emilyan and the Empty Drum [Работник Емельян и пустой барабан] (1891) [CC / BB / EL / FS2]
60. [after Guy de Maupassant] Françoise [Франсуаза] (1891) [EL / FS2]
61. [Untranslated] Кто прав? (1891—1893 / 1911)
62. A Dialogue Among Clever People (1892) [CC / EL / FS2]
63. Walk in the Light While There is Light (1893) [CC / EL / FS2]
64. [after Bernardin de Saint-Pierre] The Coffee-House of Surat [Суратская кофейная] (1893) [BB / EL / FS2]
65. Karma [Карма] (1894)
66. The Young Tsar [Сон молодого царя] (1894 / 1912)
67. Master and Man [Хозяин и работник] (1895) [PC3 / EL / FS2]
68. Three Parables [Три притчи] (1895)
69. Hadji Murat [Хаджи-Мурат] (1896-1904) [PC3 / EL / FS2]
70. Too Dear! [Дорого стоит] (1897) [BB / EL / FS2]
71. Khodynka: An Incident of the Coronation of Nicholas II [Ходынка] (1898 / 1912)
72. [Untranslated] Две различные версии истории улья с лубочной крышкой (1900 / 1912)
73. The Restoration of Hell [Разрушение ада и восстановление его] (1902 / 1903)
74. Esarhaddon, King of Assyria [Ассирийский царь Асархадон] (1903) [BB / EL / FS2]
75. Work, Death, and Sickness (1903) [BB / EL / FS2]
76. Three Questions [Три вопроса] (1903) [BB / EL / FS2]
77. After the Ball [После бала] (1903) [FL / BB / EL / FS2]
78. The Forged Coupon [Фальшивый купон] (1904) [EL / FS2]
79. The Berries (1905) [BB]
80. Alyosha the Pot [Алёша Горшок] (1905) [BB / EL / FS2]
81. Poor People [Бедные люди] (1905)
82. Fëdor Kuzmich [Посмертные записки старца Федора Кузьмича] (1905 / 1912) [EL / FS2]
83. Divine and Human [Божеское и человеческое] (1906)
84. Why? [За что?] (1906) [BB / EL / FS2]
85. [Untranslated] Корней Васильев (1906)
86. [Untranslated] Ягоды (1906)
87. [Untranslated] Отец Василий (1906 / 1911)
88. [Untranslated] Сила детства (1908 / 1912)
89. [Untranslated] Волк (1908 / 1909)
90. There Are No Guilty People (1909)
91. Singing In The Village [Песни на деревне] (1909 / 1910)
92. A Talk With A Wayfarer [Разговор с прохожим] (1909 / 1910)
93. Traveller and Peasant [Проезжий и крестьянин] (1909 / 1917)
94. [Untranslated] Благодарная почва (1910)
95. Three Days in the Village [Три дня в деревне] (1910)
96. My Dream [Что я видел во сне] (1911) [BB]



Leo Tolstoy: Plays (1910)


Plays:


1. A Family of Gentlefolk
2. A Practical Man
3. An Uncle's Blessing
4. Free Love
5. An Infected Family
6. The Nihilist
7. Dramatization of the Legend about Aggeus
8. The First Distiller (1886)
9. The Power of Darkness [Власть тьмы] (1886)
10. The Fruits of Enlightenment [Плоды просвещения] (1891)
11. Peter the Breadman
12. The Light Shines in Darkness (1890)
13. The Live Corpse [Живой труп] (1900)
14. The Wisdom of Children
15. The Traveler and the Peasant
16. The Cause of It All (1910)


23. Plays: Complete Edition Including the Posthumous Plays. 1886, 1889, 1910. Trans. Louise & Aylmer Maude. 1923. Centenary Edition XVII. 1928-37. Preface by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 243. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1950.
    1. The Power of Darkness [Власть тьмы] (1886)
    2. The First Distiller (1886)
    3. The Light Shines in Darkness (1890)
    4. The Fruits of Enlightenment [Плоды просвещения] (1891)
    5. The Live Corpse [Живой труп] (1900)
    6. The Cause of It All (1910)
24. Tolstoy: Plays. 3 vols. Trans. Marvin Kantor & Tatiana Tulchinsky. Introduction by Andrew Baruch Wachtel. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1994-98.
    1. Volume I: 1856-1886 (1994)
    2. Volume II: 1886-1889 (1996)
    3. Volume III, 1894-1910 (1998)



Leo Tolstoy: Essays and Letters (1904)


Non-fiction:


1. Schoolboys and Art (1861)
   • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
2. Yasnaya Polyana: A Journal of Education 1861–1862)
   • Included in: Pinch, Alan, & Michael Armstrong, ed. Tolstoy on Education: Tolstoy’s Educational Writings, 1861-62. Trans. Alan Pinch. London: The Athlone Press, 1982.
3. A Primer (1872)
4. On Popular Instruction (1874)
5. A New Primer (1875)
6. A Confession (1879)
   • Included in: A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe. 1879, 1881, 1884. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1921. Centenary Edition XI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 229. 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
7. A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology (1880)
8. The Gospel in Brief, or A Short Exposition of the Gospel (1881)
   • Included in: A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe. 1879, 1881, 1884. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1921. Centenary Edition XI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 229. 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
9. Church and State (1886)
10. What I Believe [aka My Religion] (1884)
    • Included in: A Confession, The Gospel in Brief and What I Believe. 1879, 1881, 1884. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1921. Centenary Edition XI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 229. 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
11. What Then Must We Do? [aka What Is to Be Done?] (1886)
    • What Then Must We Do? 1886. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1925. Centenary Edition XIV. 1928-37. Editor's Note by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 281. London: Oxford University Press / Humphrey Milford, 1950.
12. On Truth in Art (1887)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
13. On Life (1887)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
14. 'Industry and Idleness': In Timofei Bondarev's The Triumph of the Farmer (1888)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
15. Why Do Men Intoxicate Themselves? (1890)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
16. Afterword to The Kreutzer Sonata (1890)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
17. The First Step (1892)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
18. The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1893)
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
19. Non-Acting (1893)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
20. An Afterword to Famine Articles (1893)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
21. Introduction to Amiel's Journal (1893)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
22. Introduction to S. T. Semenov's Peasant Stories (1894)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
23. Introduction to The Works of Guy de Maupassant (1894)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
24. Religion and Morality (1894)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
25. Reason and Religion (1894)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
26. Christianity and Patriotism (1894)
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
27. Shame! (1895)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
28. Letters to Peter Verigin (1895-96)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
29. On Art (1895-97)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
30. How to Read the Gospels (1896)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
31. Meaningless aspirations [Бессмысленные мечтания] (1895)
32. A Letter to Russian Liberals (1896)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
33. Non-Resistance: letter to Ernest H. Crosby (1896)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
34. The Deception of the Church (1896)
35. Preface to 'The Christian Teaching' (1896)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
36. Timothy Bondaref (1897)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
37. Letters on Henry George (1897)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
38. What Is Art? (1898)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
    • What is Art? 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Introduction by Vincent Tomas. The Library of Liberal Arts. Ed. Oskar Fiest. 1960. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing, 1981.
39. Modern Science (1898)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
40. Christian Teaching (1898)
41. An Introduction to Ruskin's Works (1899)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
42. Letter to a Non-Commissioned Officer (1899)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
43. Patriotism and Government (1900)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
44. Thou Shalt Not Kill (1900)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
45. On Suicide (1900)
46. The Slavery of Our Times (1900)
47. To the Tsar and His Assistants (1901)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
48. A Reply to the Synod's Edict of Excommunication (1901)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
49. The Only Way (1901)
50. On Religious Toleration (1901)
51. On the Sexual Question [О половом вопросе]. Ed. Vladimir Chertkov (1901)
52. What is Religion? (1902)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
53. Letter on Education (1902)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
54. An Appeal to the Clergy (1902)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
55. Preface to Von Polenz's Der Buttnerbauer (1902)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
56. Recollections (1902-08)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
57. The Restoration of Hell (1903)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
58. Thoughts Selected from Private Letters (1903)
    • Included in: The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
59. The Works of Leo Tolstoy. I: Essays and Letters. 1888-1903. Trans. Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 46. London: Grant Richards, 1903.
60. Bethink Yourselves! (1904)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
61. Church and State (1904)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
62. A Calendar of Wisdom [Путь Жизни] (1904)
    • A Calendar of Wisdom: Wise Thoughts for Every Day. 1904. Rev. ed. 1907. Trans. Peter Sekirin. 1997. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1998.
63. Introduction to a Biography of William Lloyd Garrison (1904)
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
64. The Only Need (1905)
65. A Great Iniquity (1905)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
66. Afterword to Chekhov's Darling (1893)
    • Included in: What is Art? and Essays on Art. 1898. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1930. Centenary Edition XVIII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 331. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1955.
67. Shakespeare and the Drama (1906)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
68. What's To Be Done? (1906)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
69. Do Not Kill (1906)
70. Love Each Other (1906)
71. An Appeal to Youth (1907)
72. I cannot be silent [Не могу молчать] (1908)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
73. The Law of Love and the Law of Violence (1908)
74. A Letter to a Hindu (1908)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
75. The Teaching of Jesus (1909)
    • Included in: On Life and Essays on Religion. 1887-1909. Trans. Aylmer Maude. Centenary Edition XII. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 426. 1934. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source UK Ltd., n.d.
76. Address to the Swedish Peace Congress (1909)
    • Included in: The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1936. Centenary Edition XX. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 445. London: Oxford University Press / Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1951.
77. The Inevitable Revolution (1909)
78. The Only Command (1909)
79. Gandhi Letters (1910)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
80. Letter to a Japanese (1910)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
81. The Wisdom of Children (1910)
    • Included in: Recollections & Essays. 1890-1910. Trans. Aylmer Maude. 1937. Centenary Edition XXI. 1928-37. Introduction by Aylmer Maude. The World’s Classics, 459. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.



R. F. Christian, ed.: Tolstoy's Letters (1978)


Diaries & Letters:


25. Tolstoy's Letters. Ed. R. F. Christian. 2 vols (1978)
    • Tolstoy's Letters. Ed. R. F. Christian. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978.
      1. 1828-1879
      2. 1880-1910
26. Tolstoy's Diaries. Ed. R. F. Christian. 2 vols (1985)
    • Tolstoy's Diaries. 1985. Ed. & trans. R. F. Christian. Abridged ed. Flamingo. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1994.



Henri Troyat: Tolstoy (1965)


Secondary:


27. Gifford, Henry, ed. Leo Tolstoy: A Critical Anthology. Penguin Critical Anthologies. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971.
28. Pinch, Alan, & Michael Armstrong, ed. Tolstoy on Education: Tolstoy’s Educational Writings, 1861-62. Trans. Alan Pinch. London: The Athlone Press, 1982.
29. Porter, Cathy, trans. The Diaries of Sofia Tolstaya. Ed. O. A. Gollinenko, S. A Rozanova, B. M. Shumova, I. A. Pokrovskaya, & N. I. Azarova. 1978. Introduction by Professor R. F. Christian. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1985.
30. Simmons, Ernest J. Leo Tolstoy. 1945. Vintage Russian Library. 2 vols. New York: Vintage, 1960.
    1. The Years of Development, 1828-1879
    2. The Years of Maturity, 1880-1910
31. Troyat, Henri. Tolstoy. 1965. Trans. Nancy Amphoux. 1967. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980.
32. Wettlin, Margaret, trans. Reminiscences of Lev Tolstoi by His Contemporaries. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. [c.1960]

Margaret Wettlin:: Reminiscences of Lev Tolstoi (1960)


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