Yesterday I went to an interesting meeting where it was explained to us just how the - relatively new - concept of curriculum mapping could help us improve our teaching programme. There are many forms that this can take, but the one which was explained to us consisted of a listing of the "graduate attributes" considered essential for students in particular degrees or subject areas within degrees, together with a list of the papers we teach, and a series of boxes to fill in confirming that we do indeed teach those particular things.
So far, so harmless: useful, even (perhaps). I note in particular the following passage from the wikipedia article on curriculum mapping, which concludes:
The curriculum needs to be perceived as a 'work-in-progress', a 'living and breathing' document, whose ultimate owners are students. Curriculum mapping is a 'process', not a one-time initiative. Traditional curriculum mapping software are just tools available to make the review process easier.There's no doubt that obtaining an overview of something as complex as a major within a degree can be very difficult - and hence an impressionistic sense that "we must talk about that somewhere" often stands in for certainty that we really do cover things with the requisite detail and emphasis.
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One example of a dynamic system which functions extremely well would be the periodic table of the elements. Dmitri Mendelev originally lined up the elements (on little cards) according to their atomic weights as a kind of after-dinner parlour game. He observed that at a certain point he needed to start a new row in order to match up the same kinds of elements with one another: in his system there were six rows, but this has been subsequently enlarged to fit in hydrogen and helium.
The point is that it wasn't till some time afterwards that the reasons for this periodicity were discovered: the fact that it was the number of protons in each nucleus that dictated their place in the scheme. The atomic weight, the factor he was using, was a far cruder indicator. Nevertheless, the whole system - with certain modifications - worked, and enabled him to predict the existence of various new elements which were subsequently discovered in nature (or, in some cases, fabricated in the laboratory).
I guess the other thing curriculum mapping reminds me of, though, is the Catalan polymath Ramon Llull's wheels (and trees) of science from his 1305 work the Ars Magna (or Great Art). Basically his idea was that if one could summarise all the attributes of God - which come down to Goodness, Greatness, Duration, Power, Wisdom, Will, Virtue, Truth, and Glory - into one wheel, which interlocked with other wheels of natural elements, planetary influences, and bodily humours, it should be possible to make a kind of machine for generating knowledge.
Any question (theoretically) could be coded onto the wheels and receive a satisfactory answer which must be demonstrably true, since these things were guaranteed to be so by the very nature of the First Cause.
I suppose it's apparent at once how much information theory and digital computers owe to Llull's pioneering work (not dissimilar, in its way, to that of Alan Turing: at any rate in the over-simplified form portrayed in The Imitation Game, the recent film about him).
I guess the main problem with Llull's system, from a modern point of view, is the arbitrariness of the terms he was using. How, for instance, does God's Glory differ from his Virtue? Llull could no doubt have explained the distinction with great cogency, basing it on the best models of theological commentary available to him, but the results might still be a bit unconvincing.
He himself felt no doubts, however. When he visited Tunis in 1314 and tried to explain to a crowd of Muslims that the logic of his system demanded that they all immediately renounce their beliefs and convert to Christianity, he was greeted with a volley of stones. Though rescued by a group of Genoese merchants, he died the next year, probably as a result (though he was in his 80s, so it may not have been).
His other model for generating truth from interlocking ideas is the Tree of Knowledge (L'arbre de ciència). This, too, suffers from the lack of an empirical basis for the words and concepts he regarded as primary and undeniable.
Now my own feeling about all such exercises in codification is that they tend to promote uniformity and lessen creativity and originality. It isn't that I think that either of these aspects should predominate in any course design: institutions must maintain some control over just what is being taught in its classrooms, and how that ties in with other classes in the same discipline. By the same token, though, teachers are individuals, and teach in their own ways - and have to teach differently according to the particular students they're faced with.
There's no reason per se why a system such as curriculum mapping should interfere with that necessary freedom a teacher must feel to temper their teaching style to particular complex circumstances. That is what we're hired to do, after all. But (as a colleague of mine has put it): "templates control pedagogy." Once you have a particular model, there's a tendency to see everything in terms of that set of predetermined categories.
Nor is it enough to ask teachers to list all the possible variations from the existing curriculum categories and try to revise them accordingly. The mere fact of having to list such categories puts the assumptions behind them further and further off the agenda. The categories become real. Departures from them have to be justified and explained. What began as mapping has become prescription.
In this particular case, the battle is already lost (or won: depending on how you look at it). The curriculum mapping exercise will go ahead, and we're all soon going to be spending a good deal of time debating just how the projected learning outcomes of our courses match up with the graduate profiles of our degrees. And it's hard to argue against that process - in the abstract, at any rate.
I do feel a niggling doubt when I think of Ramon Llull, however. The second law of thermodynamics tells us that disorder always increases. While there can be local exceptions to that rule (the entire evolution of life on earth, from less to more complex organisms, might be seen as one such exception), it's beyond doubt that chaos tends to increase, and that attempts to arrest it in its tracks can have strange consequences.
For myself, I would predict that the more regimented course content and course outcomes become, the more creative classroom practice will become. If one wished to draw an analogy with poetry (as I so often do), it's just as futile to privilege content over form as it is to prefer form over content. Neither can function without the other, and it's only the proportions and relationship between the two which is really worthy of debate.
Our accountability as teachers to the students we teach must be taken very seriously: this does entail looking carefully at what we cover and how. On the other hand, bored, unmotivated students learn little. Nor do they rejoice at the idea of being cogs in some giant wheel of information. The best way to convince students that you really have something of value to teach them is to invoke your own creativity by learning along with them.
For Llull, the universe was sewn up. Everything that needed to be known was already known - it was just a matter of explaining that clearly, in words of one syllable, to potential dissenters, and then the millennium could be proclaimed!
That's not how knowledge works, though. Ideas change. Models shift. What we teach in 2015 is very different from what we were teaching even a couple of decades ago. Who would ever have though of demanding "digital literacy" from students then? We have to leave some space to react to changes when it comes, and any new mapping systems we devise must start with that very firmly in mind.
2 comments:
This is very good Jack. The Lull example is apposite. The attempt to quantify and organize knowledge or pedagogical systems has the severe drawback of restricting creativity. Potentially it is another control method, and one thinks here of Foucault - who while, in a strict logical sense, can be shown perhaps to be 'unclear'; his project (although it also lacked perhaps sufficient empirical substance, it was backed by a lot of research); his project points to the dangers of such systems.
Lull's ideas had significance to himself, but once he became 'certain' he was soon very wrong, whereas, as you say, Mendeleev [Bronowski talks about him in his book 'The Ascent of Man' which was a great documentary on philosophy and science] laid the basis of the Periodic Table.
While that defines a definite pattern, dictated by (numbers of protons, quantum levels and hence laws, valency etc): the universe is not thus completely mapped into a total sureity. Local organisations (biological) don't really affect [total] entropy.
Creativity and learning I think is somewhere between the need to organise knowledge and teaching methods and the use of random or 'outside the square' kinds of thinking and methods.
And, indeed, each student is different (I imagine) and all classes a bit different and so on.
IT is also something that almost has taken over the minds of everyone in 'authority' or designers, or educators of whatever kind. We need to keep in mind that these systems can become, for some, an end in themselves. And the IT industry pays well.
There are dangers in knowing too much, too much organisation, too much efficiency. Error is needed. There is no progress without error. We are all, ultimately, the result of millions of 'errors' which is called evolution. Error and inefficiency and even failure in things are good and necessary.
Interesting blog, I came across it while researching about Ramon Llull. I think the idea of curriculum mapping is necessary, not because it captures some objective truth about how nature is organized, but because our human mind inherently remembers things on a map. This cognitive architecture of the brain evolved from our past as hunting-gathering tribes, where spatial memory about resources and predators was critical for our survival. We use the same architecture today (the core of which is centered in the hippocampal region, but which extends into the many chambers of the prefrontal cortex as memories solidify with practice) to remember abstract concepts of knowledge. Coming back to Llull, I think what is interesting about him is not the objective truth of the maps he produced, but rather that he tried to map things by himself. I think this is what we should encourage in students, to put themselves in the shoes of Llull and create maps of how they understand the different concepts (not in a haphazard and arbitrary memory palace, as advocated in the Method of Loci, but in a logical structure that spurs their cognitive apparatus in the brain).
The influence of Llull on Leibnitz is brilliantly recounted by a well-known computer scientist - Gregory Chaitin, I came across his blog recently:
https://www.academia.edu/14013024/The_perfect_language
In this he argues about the perfect language, a holy grail that Mathematicians have been searching for intensively in the 19th century, until the entire expedition was somehow punctured by Godel's incompleteness theorem. Chaitin says that all is not lost.
I come from India. The logical and philosophical tradition of India is quite different from the west. Parts of the Indian tradition trickled through Arabia and reached the west to spur the renaissance: the number system and its algebra, trigonometric functions, some aspects of astronomy etc. But certain things didn't reach Europe, partly because Muslim astronomers didn't understand the cosmogeny and metaphysics in Indian traditions. I think because of this, Llull missed out on an important influence from India: the Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna. He elaborated on an Indian concept of logic known as Chatuskoti, which considers 4 distinct sides to a negation instead of two (yes/no) that is known in Western logic.
This exercise is important to understand the limits of thought, not just in an abstract meta-sense, but in the individual concepts that we wish to map in the mind. Here is an explanation about this by an Australian philosopher:
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/NagarjunaTheLimitsOfThought.pdf
I will try to write more about this in my blog sometime (http://the-redpill.blogspot.com)
Cheers..
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